Mutations blocking the transport of the influenza virus hemagglutinin between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.

Mutants ts1 and ts227 of fowl plague virus have a temperature-sensitive defect in the transport of the hemagglutinin from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The primary structure of the hemagglutinin of the mutants and of a number of revertants derived from them has been analysed by nucleotide sequencing. The transport block of the hemagglutinin of ts227 can be attributed to a single amino acid exchange. It involves the replacement of aspartic acid at position 457 by asparagine thereby introducing a new glycosylation site which appears to be located in a cryptic position in the lower part of the hemagglutinin stalk. Attachment of carbohydrate to this site is temperature-dependent. At permissive temperature only a small fraction of the monomers (approximately 30%) is glycosylated in this position, whereas at nonpermissive temperature this is the case with all subunits. The data suggest that under the latter conditions the new oligosaccharide interferes by steric hindrance with the trimerization of the hemagglutinin. The hemagglutinin of ts1 has an essential amino acid exchange at position 275 where serine is replaced by glycine. This substitution may increase the flexibility of the molecule in the hinge region between the globular domain and the stalk. The exchange of a conserved glutamic acid residue at position 398 that is involved in the interaction between different monomers contributes also to the structural instability of the ts1 hemagglutinin. These observations support the notion that the transport of the hemagglutinin from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus depends on trimer assembly.