Using the Stan Program for Bayesian Item Response Theory.

Stan is a new Bayesian statistical software program that implements the powerful and efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm. To date there is not a source that systematically provides Stan code for various item response theory (IRT) models. This article provides Stan code for three representative IRT models, including the three-parameter logistic IRT model, the graded response model, and the nominal response model. We demonstrate how IRT model comparison can be conducted with Stan and how the provided Stan code for simple IRT models can be easily extended to their multidimensional and multilevel cases.