Peter Weyer1, Anthony Rhoads2, Jonathan Suhl2, Thomas J Luben3, Kristin M Conway2, Peter H Langlois4, Dereck Shen2, Dong Liang5, Soman Puzhankara2, Marlene Anderka6, Erin Bell7, Marcia L Feldkamp8, Adrienne T Hoyt4, Bridget Mosley9, Jennita Reefhuis10, Paul A Romitti2. 1. Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. 2. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. 3. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 4. Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas. 5. Environmental Statistics Collaborative, Chesapeake Biological Laboratories, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland. 6. Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 7. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, New York. 8. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah. 9. Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas. 10. Division of Congenital and Developmental Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBP)s may contribute to orofacial cleft (OFC) development, but studies are sparse and beset with limitations. METHODS: Population-based, maternal interview reports of drinking water filtration and consumption for 680 OFC cases (535 isolated) and 1826 controls were linked with DBP concentration data using maternal residential addresses and public water system monitoring data. Maternal individual-level exposures to trihalomethanes (THM)s and haloacetic acids (HAA)s (µg/L of water consumed) were estimated from reported consumption at home, work, and school. Compared to no exposure, associations with multisource maternal exposure <1/2 or ≥1/2 the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)s for total THMs (TTHM)s and HAAs (HAA5) or Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)s for individual THMs and HAAs (if non-zero) were estimated for all OFCs and isolated OFCs, cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P) using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Compared to controls, associations were near or below unity for maternal TTHM, HAA5, and individual THM exposures with all OFCs and isolated OFCs, CP, and CL/P. Associations also were near or below unity for individual HAAs with statistically significant, inverse associations observed with each OFC outcome group except CL/P. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined associations for maternal reports of drinking water filtration and consumption and maternal DBP exposure from drinking water with OFCs in offspring. Associations observed were near or below unity and mostly nonsignificant. Continued, improved research using maternal individual-level exposure data will be useful in better characterizing these associations.
BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBP)s may contribute to orofacial cleft (OFC) development, but studies are sparse and beset with limitations. METHODS: Population-based, maternal interview reports of drinking water filtration and consumption for 680 OFC cases (535 isolated) and 1826 controls were linked with DBP concentration data using maternal residential addresses and public water system monitoring data. Maternal individual-level exposures to trihalomethanes (THM)s and haloacetic acids (HAA)s (µg/L of water consumed) were estimated from reported consumption at home, work, and school. Compared to no exposure, associations with multisource maternal exposure <1/2 or ≥1/2 the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)s for total THMs (TTHM)s and HAAs (HAA5) or Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)s for individual THMs and HAAs (if non-zero) were estimated for all OFCs and isolated OFCs, cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P) using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Compared to controls, associations were near or below unity for maternal TTHM, HAA5, and individual THM exposures with all OFCs and isolated OFCs, CP, and CL/P. Associations also were near or below unity for individual HAAs with statistically significant, inverse associations observed with each OFC outcome group except CL/P. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined associations for maternal reports of drinking water filtration and consumption and maternal DBP exposure from drinking water with OFCs in offspring. Associations observed were near or below unity and mostly nonsignificant. Continued, improved research using maternal individual-level exposure data will be useful in better characterizing these associations.
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Authors: Ibrahim Zaganjor; Thomas J Luben; Tania A Desrosiers; Alexander P Keil; Lawrence S Engel; Adrian M Michalski; Suzan L Carmichael; Wendy N Nembhard; Gary M Shaw; Jennita Reefhuis; Mahsa M Yazdy; Peter H Langlois; Marcia L Feldkamp; Paul A Romitti; Andrew F Olshan Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-12-21 Impact factor: 3.390