Baohui Han1, Kai Li2, Qiming Wang3,4, Li Zhang5, Jianhua Shi6, Zhehai Wang7, Ying Cheng8, Jianxing He9, Yuankai Shi10, Yizhuo Zhao1, Hao Yu11, Yang Zhao11, Weiqiang Chen12, Yi Luo13, Lin Wu13, Xiuwen Wang14, Robert Pirker15, Kejun Nan16, Faguang Jin17, Jian Dong18, Baolan Li19, Yan Sun10. 1. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China. 2. Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China. 3. Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. 4. Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China. 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. 6. Department of Oncology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, China. 7. Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan, China. 8. Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China. 9. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 10. Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. 11. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. 12. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lanzhou Military General Hospital, Lanzhou, China. 13. Department of Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China. 14. Department of Chemotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. 15. Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 16. Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. 17. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Tang Du Hospital, Xi'an, China. 18. First Department of Medical Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China. 19. Department of General Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, China.
Abstract
Importance: Anlotinib is a novel multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor for tumor angiogenesis and proliferative signaling. A phase 2 trial showed anlotinib to improve progression-free survival with a potential benefit of overall survival, leading to the phase 3 trial to confirm the drug's efficacy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Objective: To investigate the efficacy of anlotinib on overall survival of patients with advanced NSCLC progressing after second-line or further treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants: The ALTER 0303 trial was a multicenter, double-blind, phase 3 randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib in patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients from 31 grade-A tertiary hospitals in China were enrolled between March 1, 2015, and August 31, 2016. Those aged 18 to 75 years who had histologically or cytologically confirmed NSCLC were eligible (n = 606), and those who had centrally located squamous cell carcinoma with cavitary features or brain metastases that were uncontrolled or controlled for less than 2 months were excluded. Patients (n = 440) were randomly assigned in a 2-to-1 ratio to receive either 12 mg/d of anlotinib or a matched placebo. All cases were treated with study drugs at least once in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points were progression-free survival, objective response rate, disease control rate, quality of life, and safety. Results: In total, 439 patients were randomized, 296 to the anlotinib group (106 [36.1%] were female and 188 [64.0%] were male, with a mean [SD] age of 57.9 [9.1] years) and 143 to the placebo group (46 [32.2%] were female and 97 [67.8%] were male, with a mean [SD] age of 56.8 [9.1] years). Overall survival was significantly longer in the anlotinib group (median, 9.6 months; 95% CI, 8.2-10.6) than the placebo group (median, 6.3 months; 95% CI, 5.0-8.1), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87; P = .002). A substantial increase in progression-free survival was noted in the anlotinib group compared with the placebo group (median, 5.4 months [95% CI, 4.4-5.6] vs 1.4 months [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]; HR, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.19-0.31]; P < .001). Considerable improvement in objective response rate and disease control rate was observed in the anlotinib group over the placebo group. The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events in the anlotinib arm were hypertension and hyponatremia. Conclusions and Relevance: Among the Chinese patients in this trial, anlotinib appears to lead to prolonged overall survival and progression-free survival. This finding suggests that anlotinib is well tolerated and is a potential third-line or further therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02388919.
RCT Entities:
Importance: Anlotinib is a novel multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor for tumor angiogenesis and proliferative signaling. A phase 2 trial showed anlotinib to improve progression-free survival with a potential benefit of overall survival, leading to the phase 3 trial to confirm the drug's efficacy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Objective: To investigate the efficacy of anlotinib on overall survival of patients with advanced NSCLC progressing after second-line or further treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants: The ALTER 0303 trial was a multicenter, double-blind, phase 3 randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib in patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients from 31 grade-A tertiary hospitals in China were enrolled between March 1, 2015, and August 31, 2016. Those aged 18 to 75 years who had histologically or cytologically confirmed NSCLC were eligible (n = 606), and those who had centrally located squamous cell carcinoma with cavitary features or brain metastases that were uncontrolled or controlled for less than 2 months were excluded. Patients (n = 440) were randomly assigned in a 2-to-1 ratio to receive either 12 mg/d of anlotinib or a matched placebo. All cases were treated with study drugs at least once in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points were progression-free survival, objective response rate, disease control rate, quality of life, and safety. Results: In total, 439 patients were randomized, 296 to the anlotinib group (106 [36.1%] were female and 188 [64.0%] were male, with a mean [SD] age of 57.9 [9.1] years) and 143 to the placebo group (46 [32.2%] were female and 97 [67.8%] were male, with a mean [SD] age of 56.8 [9.1] years). Overall survival was significantly longer in the anlotinib group (median, 9.6 months; 95% CI, 8.2-10.6) than the placebo group (median, 6.3 months; 95% CI, 5.0-8.1), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87; P = .002). A substantial increase in progression-free survival was noted in the anlotinib group compared with the placebo group (median, 5.4 months [95% CI, 4.4-5.6] vs 1.4 months [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]; HR, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.19-0.31]; P < .001). Considerable improvement in objective response rate and disease control rate was observed in the anlotinib group over the placebo group. The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events in the anlotinib arm were hypertension and hyponatremia. Conclusions and Relevance: Among the Chinese patients in this trial, anlotinib appears to lead to prolonged overall survival and progression-free survival. This finding suggests that anlotinib is well tolerated and is a potential third-line or further therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02388919.
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