Vascular Interventional Radiology-Guided Photothermal Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis with Theranostic Gold Nanorods.

We report sub-100 nm optical/magnetic resonance (MR)/X-ray contrast-bearing theranostic nanoparticles (TNPs) for interventional image-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) of solid tumors. TNPs were composed of Au@Gd2O3:Ln (Ln = Yb/Er) with X-ray contrast (∼486 HU; 1014 NPs/mL, 0.167 nM) and MR contrast (∼1.1 × 108 mM-1 S-1 at 9.4 T field strength). Although TNPs are deposited in tumors following systemic administration via enhanced permeation and retention effect, the delivered dose to tumors is typically low; this can adversely impact the efficacy of PTT. To overcome this limitation, we investigated the feasibility of site-selective hepatic image-guided delivery of TNPs in rats bearing colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). The mesenteric vein of tumor-bearing rats was catheterized, and TNPs were infused into the liver by accessing the portal vein for site-selective delivery. The uptake of TNPs with hepatic delivery was compared with systemic administration. MR imaging confirmed that delivery via the hepatic portal vein can double the CRLM tumor-to-liver contrast compared with systemic administration. Photothermal ablation was performed by inserting a 100 μm fiber-optic carrying 808 nm light via a JB1, 3-French catheter for 3 min under DynaCT image guidance. Histological analysis revealed that the thermal damage was largely confined to the tumor region with minimal damage to the adjacent liver tissue. Transmission electron microscopy imaging validated the stability of core-shell structure of TNPs in vivo pre- and post-PTT. TNPs comprising Gd-shell-coated Au nanorods can be effectively employed for the site-directed PTT of CRLM by leveraging interventional radiology methods.