Parenting matters: Moderation of biological and community risk for obesity.

Contributions of parental limit setting, negativity, scaffolding, warmth, and responsiveness to Body Mass Index (BMI) were examined. Parenting behaviors were observed in parent-child interactions, and child BMI was assessed at 5 years of age. Mothers provided demographic information and obtained child saliva samples used to derive cortisol concentration indicators (N = 250). Geospatial crime indices were computed based on publically available information for a subsample residing within the boundaries of a Pacific Northwest city (N = 114). Maternal warmth and limit setting moderated the association between child HPA-axis regulation and BMI. BMI was higher for children at lower cortisol concentrations with greater maternal warmth and lower for youngsters with mid-range cortisol values under high maternal limit setting. Maternal scaffolding moderated the effects of crime exposure, so that lower scaffolding translated into higher child BMI with greater neighborhood crime exposure. These parenting behaviors could be leveraged in obesity prevention/intervention efforts.