Rhodium-catalyzed regioselective addition of the ortho C-H bond in aromatic amides to the C-C double bond in α,β-unsaturated γ-lactones and dihydrofurans.

An unprecedented C-H alkylation using α,β-unsaturated γ-lactones (butenolides) and dihydrofurans was achieved by the Rh-catalyzed reaction of benzamides. C-C bond formation occurs between the ortho-position of the benzamide derivative and the γ-position of the butenolide or the α-position of the dihydrofuran. The presence of an 8-aminoquinoline directing group is crucial for the success of the reaction. The results of deuterium labeling experiments indicate that the cleavage of the C-H bond is reversible and suggest that a migratory carbene insertion is involved as the key step.

Introduction

During the past several decades, the chelation-assisted functionalization of C–H bonds has undergone rapid development and is now used in the synthesis of a wide variety of natural products and medicinally relevant compounds.1,2 While a wide variety of such functionalizations have been developed to date, the addition of C–H bonds to alkenes represents one of the most fundamental functionalizations of C–H bonds because of its atom economy.3,4 While various alkenes can be used as coupling partners, the range of alkenes that are applicable to C–H alkylation remains limited to vinylsilanes and tert-butylethylene, which contain no allylic hydrogen, and activated alkenes, such as styrenes and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Methodology for using various alkenes as participants in C–H alkylation is still needed. Not only the applicability of alkenes, but also the control of regioselectivity in the addition of C–H bonds to alkenes remains to be solved. Acrylic esters exclusively undergo β-addition reactions to give linear products. In reactions with styrenes, the extent of regioselectivity depends on the catalytic system being used.5 In many cases, terminal alkenes containing an allylic hydrogen are not applicable in the reaction, however, Chang and Ackermann recently reported Rh- and Ru-catalyzed alkylation of C–H bonds with various terminal alkenes, in which β-addition takes place with linear products being produced.6 We wish to report herein the first example of C–H alkylation of α,β-unsaturated γ-lactones and dihydrofurans, in which C–C bond formation occurs between the ortho-position of an aromatic amide and the γ-position of the butenolide or the α-position of the dihydrofuran, irrespective of the position of the C–C double bond, to give 5-aryl-γ-butyrolactone or 2-aryltetrahydrofuran derivatives, respectively (Scheme 1). These types of products cannot be produced by the alkylation of C–H bonds with alkyl halides. 5-Aryl-γ-butyrolactone derivatives7 and 2-aryltetrahydrofuran derivatives8 are key structural components of many biologically active and pharmaceutically important molecules, making the construction of such structures synthetically important. Our strategy for constructing 5-aryl-γ-butyrolactone and 2-aryltetrahydrofuran frameworks involves the catalytic activation of a C–H bond in a benzene ring, which then adds to the C–C double bond in a butenolide or dihydrofuran derivative. In addition, the directing group can be easily removed or elaborated to another useful functionality.9

Scheme 1

The addition of C–H bonds across alkenes.

Results and discussion

When the butenolide 2a was used as the coupling partner in the reaction of 1a, the expected product 4aa resulting from the reaction at the β-position of the lactone was not obtained, but 3aa was instead produced as the sole product (Scheme 2). After screening a number of bases, it was found that the reaction is sensitive to the nature of the base used. In general, the use of Na2CO3 or K2HPO4 gave the best results.10 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of C–H bond alkylation with α,β-unsaturated lactones.

Scheme 2

Rh-catalyzed C–H alkylation of 1a with butenolide 2a.

We next examined the effect of the directing group.11 Among the directing groups examined, only 8-aminoquinoline gave the corresponding alkylation product. Most importantly, 2-phenylpyridine, which is an extensively used pyridine directing group in catalytic C–H functionalization reactions, was ineffective. Our research has recently focused on the utilization of an N,N′-bidentate directing chelation system in the functionalization of C–H bonds.12,13 This result also shows the potential of such a system for exploring new types of functionalizations of C–H bonds.

Table 1 shows some representative results for the reaction of various aromatic amides with butenolide 2a. In the case of meta-substituted aromatic amides, contrary to the case when methyl acrylate was used in a similar chelation system,13 the alkylation proceeded selectively only at the less hindered position, as in 3fa–3ja, because the introduced lactone moiety is a sterically demanding group compared with the acrylate moiety. In the case of the benzamide 1o, both ortho C–H bonds underwent alkylation to give the double alkylation product 3oa in 61% isolated yield.

Table 1

Rh-catalyzed alkylation of aromatic amides 1a–1o with butenolide 2a ,

Reaction conditions: amide 1 (0.3 mmol), lactone 2a (0.9 mmol), [RhCl(cod)]2 (0.015 mmol), Na2CO3 (0.075 mmol), toluene (1 mL), at 160 °C for 24 h.

Isolated yields.

Lactone (0.6 mmol) and [RhCl(cod)]2 (0.0075 mmol) were used.

K2HPO4 was used in place of Na2CO3.

Substituted α,β-unsaturated γ-lactones 2 were also applicable to the present reaction (Table 2). Me, Bu, and benzyl substituted lactones could all be used, as in 3ab, 3ac, and 3ad. In all cases, a mixture of cis and trans isomers was produced in a comparable ratio. The ratio was constant even when the reaction was stopped after a short reaction time, suggesting that the ratio obtained is a thermodynamic ratio. Lactones bearing functional groups on the phenyl ring, such as Br and MeO, were tolerated under the reaction conditions.

Table 2

Rh-catalyzed alkylation of aromatic amide 1a with α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactones 2b–2h ,

Reaction conditions: amide 1 (0.3 mmol), lactone 2a (0.9 mmol), [RhCl(cod)]2 (0.015 mmol), K2HPO4 (0.075 mmol), toluene (1 mL), at 160 °C for 24 h.

Isolated yields. The number in parentheses denotes the ratio of cis and trans isomers.

The reaction was run for 12 h.

KOAc was used in place of K2HPO4.

The 2,3-dihydrofuran 5a and the 2,5-dihydrofuran 5b also participated in the alkylation reaction (Table 3). When the reaction was carried out under two different sets of conditions, i.e. methods A and B, marginal effects were observed. Irrespective of the position of the olefin as in 5a and 5b, C–C bond formation took place at the α-position (next to the oxygen atom) of the dihydrofuran.14

Table 3

Rh-catalyzed alkylation of aromatic amide 1a with dihydrofurans 5a–5d , ,

Reaction conditions (method A): amide 1a (0.3 mmol), dihydrofuran (0.6 mmol), [RhCl(cod)]2 (0.0075 mmol), KOAc (0.075 mmol), toluene (1 mL), at 160 °C for 12 h.

Reaction conditions (method B): amide 1a (0.3 mmol), dihydrofuran (0.6 mmol), [Rh(OAc)(cod)]2 (0.0075 mmol), PivOH (0.3 mmol), toluene (1 mL), at 160 °C for 12 h.

Isolated yields. The number in parentheses denotes the ratio of cis and trans isomers.

NMR yield.

The results for the reaction of meta-substituted benzamides with 5a are shown in Table 4. The reaction was carried out under the reaction conditions of method B. Irrespective of the electronic nature of the substituent, only the less hindered C–H bonds reacted.

Table 4

Rh-catalyzed alkylation of meta-substituted aromatic amides with 2,3-dihydrofuran 5a ,

Reaction conditions: amide 1 (0.3 mmol), dihydrofuran (0.6 mmol), [Rh(OAc)(cod)]2 (0.0075 mmol), PivOH (0.3 mmol), toluene (1 mL), at 160 °C for 12 h.

Isolated yields.

[Rh(OAc)(cod)]2 (0.015 mmol) for 24 h.

To gain insights into the reaction mechanism, deuterium labeling experiments were carried out in the absence of alkene (Scheme 3a). Irrespective of the reaction conditions (method A: KOAc and method B: PivOH), a significant amount of H/D exchange occurred even within a short reaction time (15 min), and the exchange occurred only at the ortho position (Scheme 3a), indicating that the cleavage of the C–H bond is reversible and does not appear to be the rate-determining step. The reaction of 1a in toluene-d was carried out. No deuterium atom was incorporated into the product, indicating that in the H/D exchange reaction, the proton source is not the solvent, but rather, that the proton comes from the NH bond in the substrate (scheme not shown). When the reaction was carried out in the presence of dihydrofuran 5a (Scheme 3b), alkylation product 6aa- was obtained in 7% and 32% NMR yield, depending on the additive used, along with recovery of the starting material 1a-. Curiously and unexpectedly, a deuterium atom was incorporated into the THF ring only at the α-position and no deuterium atoms were detected at any of the other positions in the THF ring by 1H NMR. Both the ortho-carbon and hydrogen atom in the benzamide attach to the α-carbon of the THF ring. A similar result was obtained even when 2,5-dihydrofuran (5b) was used as the coupling partner (Scheme 3c). To exclude the possibility that H/D exchange occurs at the α-position of the THF ring under the reaction conditions employed, 6aa was reacted with CD3COOD at 160 °C in the presence of a rhodium complex. However, no deuterium was introduced into 6aa (scheme not shown). These results suggest that the ortho C–H bond appears to undergo a migratory carbene insertion, as discussed later.

Scheme 3

Deuterium labeling experiments.

Based on our previously reported studies13a,b and the results obtained in the present work, a proposed mechanism for the reaction is shown in Scheme 4. The coordination of the quinoline nitrogen in the aromatic amide 1 to give a Rh(i)X species, followed by the oxidative addition of an N–H bond, gives complex A.15 The insertion of 5a into the H–Rh bond in A gives complex B, which, after the elimination of HX, affords the carbene complex C.16 The migratory insertion of the ortho C–H bond to a carbene moiety in the complex C through the oxidative addition of the ortho C–H bond followed by α-hydride migration gives D,17,18 which undergoes reductive elimination followed by protonation to give the final product with regeneration of the Rh(i) species. An alternative mechanism for generating the complex A involves the coordination of a quinoline nitrogen to the Rh(i) center, a ligand exchange to generate the Rh(i) complex E with the concomitant generation of HX, followed by the reaction of the complex E with HX. The ortho C–H bond of complex E then undergoes a reversible oxidative addition to the rhodium center to form the cyclometalated Rh–H complex F, the formation of which accounts for the reversibility of the cleavage of the C–H bond at the ortho position of the benzamide.19 As shown in Scheme 3b, deuterium was only incorporated at the α-position of the THF ring of the product. The proposed mechanism involving the formation of the intermediate carbene complex C is consistent with the deuterium labeling data shown in Scheme 3b, although no direct experimental evidence for this exisst. To better understand the details of the reaction mechanism, more experiments including DFT calculations will be needed.

Scheme 4

Proposed mechanism.

Scheme 5 shows the potential synthetic utility of the C–H bond alkylation reaction. The treatment of 3ha under acidic conditions gave the isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one derivative 7 in 85% isolated yield. The present protocol was also applicable to the preparation of highly substituted and/or functionalized 5-aryl-γ-butyrolactone derivatives. When the lactone 1f was used in the reaction, the mono-alkylated product 3fa was exclusively formed, as shown in Table 1. The remaining hindered ortho-C–H bond in 3fa could be successfully alkylated with methyl acrylate in the presence of a rhodium catalyst13 to give compound 8, which contains three different adjacent carbonyl functional groups on the benzene ring.

Scheme 5

Synthetic applications.

Conclusion

In summary, this reaction represents the first example of C–H alkylation with butenolides, in which C–C bond formation occurs between the ortho-position of an aromatic amide and the γ-position of a butenolide derivative. In addition, dihydrofurans can also be used in the alkylation reaction, in which case, C–C bond formation occurs between the ortho-position of the aromatic amide and the α-position of the dihydrofuran, irrespective of the position of the C–C double bond. The use of an 8-aminoquinoline moiety as a directing group is crucial for the success of the reaction. In fact, the reaction with 2-phenylpyridine, which has been used extensively as a substrate for a wide variety of functionalizations of C–H bonds, did not succeed. The functionalization of C–H bonds using an N,N′-bidentate directing group began to appear in the literature only in the last ten years, since Daugulis reported the Pd(ii)-catalyzed arylation of C–H bonds in aliphatic amides in 2005.20 Since then, it has been shown that various transition metal complexes can be used in the N,N′-bidentate chelation system.12 As more mechanistic information emerges, new and more exciting advances can be anticipated.21

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