Literature DB >> 29850036

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (E)-2-(5-bromo-2-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene)hydrazine-carbo-thio-amide di-methyl sulfoxide monosolvate.

Palaniyappan Sivajeyanthi1, Muthaiah Jeevaraj1, Bellarmin Edison1, Kasthuri Balasubramani1.   

Abstract

The mol-ecule of the title Schiff base, C8H8BrN3OS·C2H6OS, which crystallizes as a di-methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) monosolvate, displays an E configuration with respect to the C=N bond, with a dihedral angle of 14.54 (11)° between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the N-N-C(N)=S unit. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. Within the chains there are R23(11) ring motifs, which are reinforced by C-H⋯ODMSO hydrogen bonds enclosing secondary R12(6) and R23(9) loops. The chains are linked by O-Hhydrox-yl⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (011). Inversion-related layers are linked by short Br⋯Br inter-actions [3.5585 (5) Å], forming slabs parallel to (011). The inter-molecular inter-actions have been investigated using Hirshfeld surface studies and two-dimensional fingerprint plots. The crystal structure of the unsolvated form of the title compound has been reported previously [Kargar et al. (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o2999], and its solid-state structure is compared with that of the title solvated form.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Hirshfeld surface analysis; Schiff base; crystal structure; hydrazinecarbo­thio­amide; hydrogen bonding

Year:  2018        PMID: 29850036      PMCID: PMC5956319          DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018000233

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun


Chemical context

Schiff bases are nitro­gen-containing active organic compounds that play a vital role in enzymatic reactions involving inter­action of an enzyme with a carbonyl group of a substrate (Tidwell, 2008 ▸). Thio­semicarbazones exhibit inter­esting pharmacological properties and biological activities. Thio­semicarbazone derivatives have gained special importance because of their role in drug development; for example they are used as anti­viral, anti­tubercular, anti-bacterial infection, analgesic and anti­allergic agents and in the treatment of central nervous system disorders and as sodium channel blockers and show anti­tumorous activity. The pharmacological versatility of semicarbazones, thio­semicarbazones and their metal complexes have been reviewed by Beraldo & Gambino (2004 ▸). Thio­semicarbazones are formed by the condensation of thio­semicarbazides with aldehydes or ketones (Sriram et al., 2006 ▸; Scovill et al., 1982 ▸). They are also used in most branches of chemistry, for example, as dyes, photographic films, plastics and in the textile industry. These types of compounds also act as ligands for a variety of transition metals, often as high propensity multi-dentate chelating agents (Al-Karawi et al., 2009 ▸). Herein, we report on the crystal structure of the title thio­semicarbazone that crystallizes as a dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate. The crystal structure of the unsolvated form of the title Schiff base has been reported previously (Kargar et al., 2010a ▸), and its solid-state structure is compared with that of the title solvated form.

Structural commentary

The mol­ecular structure of the title compound is shown in Fig. 1 ▸. The thio­semicarbazone mol­ecule has an E configurationabout the C7=N1 bond. The mol­ecule is twisted with a dihedral angle of 14.54 (11)° between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the N1/N2/C8/N3/S1 unit. The C8—-S1 bond distance of 1.698 (2) Å is close to that expected for a C=S bond (Cambridge Structural Database; Groom et al., 2016 ▸). This confirms the existence of the compound in the thio­amido form in the solid state, similar to the situation observed in some related compounds, viz. (E)-2-(2,4-di­hydroxy­benzyl­idene)thio­semicarbazone and (E)-2-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl­ene]thio­semicarbazone (Yıldız et al., 2009 ▸). The C1—N7 bond distance is 1.278 (3) Å, close to that of a C=N double bond, confirming the azomethine bond formation, again similar to the situation observed in related compounds, viz. (E)-1-[4-(di­methyl­amino)­benzyl­idene]thio­semicarbazide (Sun et al. 2009 ▸) and 2-[(2-hy­droxy­naphthalen-1-yl)methyl­ene]hydra­zine­carbo­thio­amide (Sivajeyanthi et al. 2017 ▸).
Figure 1

A view of the mol­ecular structure of the title compound, with the atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

In the mol­ecular structure of the unsolvated form of the title compound (Kargar et al., 2010a ▸), an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond is present enclosing an S(6) ring motif. Comparing the two mol­ecules, as shown in the structural overlay of Fig. 2 ▸, it can be seen that the benzene ring of the title solvated compound is rotated by ca. 180° with respect to that in the unsolvated form of the mol­ecule. The bond lengths and bond angles of the two mol­ecules are similar. In the title compound, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the N—N—C(N)=S hydrazinecarbo­thio­amide unit is 14.54 (11)° compared to ca 7.05° in the unsolvated phase. Kargar et al. (2010b ▸) have also reported the crystal structure of the unsolvated chloro-substituted analogue. This mol­ecule has the same conformation as the unsolvated bromo-substituted analogue (Kargar et al., 2010a ▸), but in contrast it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, while the unsolvated bromo compound crystallizes in the chiral ortho­rhom­bic space group P212121.
Figure 2

The structural overlay of the title mol­ecule with that of the unsolvated form (CEDPAE; Kargar et al., 2010a ▸), showing the presence of the intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond (dashed line) in CEDPAE.

Supra­molecular features

In the crystal, the Schiff base hydrazone is hydrogen bonded (see Table 1 ▸) to the di­methyl sulfoxide solvate mol­ecule, forming a chain propagating along the b-axis direction, as shown in Fig. 3 ▸. Within the chains there are (11) ring motifs, which are reinforced by C—H⋯ODMSO hydrogen bonds enclosing secondary (6) and (9) ring motifs (Table 1 ▸). The (11) ring motif is formed by N2—H2⋯O2ii, N3—H3A⋯O1iii and N3—H3B⋯O2iv hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, and the (6) ring motif is formed via C7—H7⋯O2ii and N2—H2⋯O2ii hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. Hence, atom O2 of the di­methyl sulfoxide acts as a trifurcated acceptor (Fig. 3 ▸, Table 1 ▸). The chains are linked by O1—H1⋯Si hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to plane (011); see Fig. 4 ▸ and Table 1 ▸. Inversion-related layers are linked by short Br⋯Br(−x, −y + 1, −z + 1) inter­actions of 3.5585 (5) Å, forming slabs parallel to (011), as illustrated in Fig. 5 ▸.
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—HH⋯A DA D—H⋯A
O1—H1⋯S1i 0.822.403.1655 (17)157
N2—H2⋯O2ii 0.862.102.897 (2)155
N3—H3A⋯O1iii 0.862.373.048 (2)136
N3—H3B⋯O2iv 0.862.112.930 (3)160
C7—H7⋯O2ii 0.932.533.315 (3)142

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) .

Figure 3

A partial view, almost normal to the (011) plane, of the hydrogen-bonded chain (dashed lines; see Table 1 ▸) propagating along the [010] direction. In this and subsequent figures, only the H atoms involved in hydrogen bonding have been included.

Figure 4

A view, almost normal to (011), of the hydrogen-bonded sheets parallel to (011). The hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines and details are given in Table 1 ▸.

Figure 5

A view along the b axis of the crystal packing of the title compound. The hydrogen bonds (see Table 1 ▸) and the short Br⋯Br inter­actions are shown as dashed lines.

Hirshfeld surface analysis

The three-dimensional d norm surface is a useful tool to analyse and visualize the inter-mol­ecular inter­actions. d norm takes negative or positive values depending on whether the inter­molecular contact is shorter or longer than the van der Waals radii (Spackman & Jayatilaka, 2009 ▸; McKinnon et al., 2007 ▸). The three-dimensional d norm surface of the title compound is shown in Fig. 6 ▸. The red points, which represent closer contacts and negative d norm values on the surface, correspond to the N—H⋯O, O—H⋯S and C—H⋯O inter­actions. The percentage contributions of various contacts to the total Hirshfeld surface are as follows: H⋯H (32.9%), S⋯H/H⋯S (18.8%), O⋯H/H⋯O (13.3%), Br⋯H/H⋯Br (11.6), C⋯H/H⋯C (8.8%), N⋯H/H⋯N (3.4%), CC (2.8%), Br⋯N/N⋯Br (2.0%), Br⋯Br (1.5%), Br⋯O/O⋯Br (1.1%), Br⋯C/C⋯Br (1.1%), C⋯N/N⋯C (1.0%), S⋯S (0.7%), S⋯N/N⋯S (0.6%) and S⋯C/C⋯S (0.2%), as shown in the two-dimensional fingerprint plots in Fig. 7 ▸.
Figure 6

Hirshfeld surfaces mapped over d norm for the title compound.

Figure 7

Two-dimensional fingerprint plots of the crystal and the relative contributions of the atom pairs to the Hirshfeld surface.

Database survey

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (Version 5.38, update May 2017; Groom et al., 2016 ▸) for the 2-hy­droxy­benzaldehyde thio­semicarbazone skeleton (or salicyl­aldehyde thio­semicarbazone) yielded 25 hits. These include the unsolvated bromo- and chloro-substituted analogues of the title compound mentioned above, viz. 5-bromo-2-hy­droxy­benzaldehyde thio­semicarbazone (CEDPAE; Kargar et al., 2010a ▸) and 2-(5-chloro-2-hy­droxy­benzyl­idene)hydra­zine­carbo­thio­amide (VACGUD; Kargar et al., 2010b ▸). The crystal structure of salicyl­aldehyde thio­semicarbazone has also been reported at 295 K (GEXKID; Chattopadhyay et al., 1988 ▸) and at 100 K (GEXKID01; Novaković et al., 2007 ▸). The crystal structures of various hydrated forms of salicyl­aldehydethio­semicarbazone [(E)-2-(2-hy­droxy­benzyl­idene)hydrazine­carbo­thio­amide hydrate] have been reported at 100 K (UJIPIN) and 203 K (UJIPOT and UJIPUZ) by Monfared et al. (2010 ▸). In the majority of the hits, the 2-hy­droxy group forms an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond, as shown for CEDPAE in Fig. 2 ▸. Consequently, in the compounds mentioned above, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the N—N—C(N)=S hydrazinecarbo­thio­amide unit is relatively small, varying from ca 5.62 to 10.10°, compared to 14.54 (11)° in the title compound.

Synthesis and crystallization

The title compound was synthesized by refluxing for 8 h a 1:1 molar ratio of a hot ethano­lic solution (20 ml) of thio­semicarbazide (0.091 mg, Aldrich) and a hot ethano­lic solution of 5-bromo­salicyl­aldehyde (0.196 mg, Aldrich). The solution was then cooled and kept at room temperature. The precipitate that formed was filtered off and recrystallized from di­methyl sulfoxide. Colourless block-like crystals, suitable for the X-ray analysis, were obtained in a few days on slow evaporation of the solvent.

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2 ▸. The hydrogen atoms were fixed geometrically (O—H = 0.82, N—H = 0.86, C—H = 0.93–0.96 Å) and allowed to ride on their parent atoms with U iso(H) = 1.5U eq(O-hydroxyl, C-meth­yl) and 1.2U eq(N,C) for other H atoms.
Table 2

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC8H8BrN3OS·C2H6OS
M r 352.26
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P
Temperature (K)296
a, b, c (Å)6.5411 (4), 7.3889 (6), 15.0662 (12)
α, β, γ (°)78.772 (3), 86.872 (3), 87.376 (3)
V3)712.71 (9)
Z 2
Radiation typeMo Kα
μ (mm−1)3.17
Crystal size (mm)0.30 × 0.20 × 0.20
 
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker Kappa APEXII CCD
Absorption correctionMulti-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004)
T min, T max 0.449, 0.569
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections6030, 3299, 2661
R int 0.018
(sin θ/λ)max−1)0.666
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.030, 0.106, 0.79
No. of reflections3299
No. of parameters165
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)0.27, −0.34

Computer programs: APEX2, SAINT and XPREP (Bruker, 2004 ▸), SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1993 ▸), SHELXL2017/1 (Sheldrick, 2015 ▸), PLATON (Spek 2009 ▸), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008 ▸) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ▸).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) global, I, 1. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018000233/su5414sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018000233/su5414Isup2.hkl Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018000233/su5414Isup3.cml CCDC reference: 1587285 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C8H8BrN3OS·C2H6OSZ = 2
Mr = 352.26F(000) = 356
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.637 Mg m3
a = 6.5411 (4) ÅMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 7.3889 (6) ÅCell parameters from 2934 reflections
c = 15.0662 (12) Åθ = 5.5–55.9°
α = 78.772 (3)°µ = 3.17 mm1
β = 86.872 (3)°T = 296 K
γ = 87.376 (3)°Block, colourless
V = 712.71 (9) Å30.30 × 0.20 × 0.20 mm
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer2661 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tubeRint = 0.018
ω and φ scanθmax = 28.3°, θmin = 3.4°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004)h = −8→6
Tmin = 0.449, Tmax = 0.569k = −9→9
6030 measured reflectionsl = −17→19
3299 independent reflections
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.030Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.106H-atom parameters constrained
S = 0.79w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.1P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
3299 reflections(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
165 parametersΔρmax = 0.27 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = −0.34 e Å3
Geometry. Bond distances, angles etc. have been calculated using the rounded fractional coordinates. All su's are estimated from the variances of the (full) variance-covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account in the estimation of distances, angles and torsion angles
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Br10.20262 (4)0.63938 (4)0.51812 (2)0.0512 (1)
S11.36501 (8)0.37819 (8)0.83370 (4)0.0359 (2)
S20.24643 (10)0.89596 (8)0.93448 (4)0.0421 (2)
O10.6312 (2)1.1359 (2)0.71559 (12)0.0382 (5)
N10.8705 (3)0.6223 (3)0.72520 (13)0.0300 (5)
N21.0553 (3)0.5884 (2)0.76701 (13)0.0305 (5)
N31.0303 (3)0.2820 (3)0.76421 (15)0.0389 (6)
C10.6169 (3)0.8495 (3)0.66806 (14)0.0267 (6)
O20.1487 (3)0.9012 (2)0.84564 (14)0.0512 (6)
C20.5325 (3)1.0274 (3)0.66902 (15)0.0287 (6)
C30.3559 (3)1.0884 (3)0.62389 (16)0.0346 (7)
C40.2574 (4)0.9727 (3)0.57957 (17)0.0385 (7)
C50.3383 (3)0.7961 (3)0.58003 (15)0.0325 (6)
C60.5159 (3)0.7339 (3)0.62232 (15)0.0309 (6)
C70.8054 (3)0.7906 (3)0.71317 (15)0.0300 (6)
C81.1348 (3)0.4159 (3)0.78513 (14)0.0274 (6)
C90.5074 (4)0.8287 (4)0.9172 (2)0.0493 (9)
C100.1671 (5)0.6884 (4)1.0067 (2)0.0578 (10)
H10.549611.212580.731210.0570*
H21.118490.677470.781220.0360*
H30.303381.207640.623410.0410*
H3A0.914170.307000.739580.0470*
H3B1.078440.170080.775250.0470*
H40.138111.013110.549760.0460*
H60.569080.615670.620690.0370*
H70.880390.876800.733760.0360*
H9A0.515330.720240.890720.0740*
H9B0.571910.802430.974220.0740*
H9C0.576100.926930.877210.0740*
H10A0.021450.695221.018270.0870*
H10B0.234430.672441.062880.0870*
H10C0.202630.585510.977880.0870*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Br10.0489 (2)0.0567 (2)0.0538 (2)−0.0095 (1)−0.0172 (1)−0.0193 (1)
S10.0323 (3)0.0315 (3)0.0469 (4)0.0088 (2)−0.0164 (2)−0.0132 (2)
S20.0571 (4)0.0295 (3)0.0432 (4)−0.0032 (3)−0.0125 (3)−0.0124 (3)
O10.0344 (8)0.0356 (8)0.0498 (10)0.0071 (7)−0.0122 (7)−0.0203 (7)
N10.0244 (8)0.0301 (9)0.0365 (10)0.0043 (7)−0.0081 (7)−0.0086 (7)
N20.0273 (9)0.0241 (8)0.0417 (11)0.0023 (7)−0.0132 (7)−0.0082 (7)
N30.0374 (10)0.0260 (9)0.0566 (14)0.0019 (8)−0.0182 (9)−0.0123 (9)
C10.0254 (10)0.0273 (10)0.0267 (10)0.0031 (8)−0.0038 (7)−0.0040 (8)
O20.0724 (13)0.0296 (8)0.0554 (12)0.0027 (8)−0.0339 (10)−0.0099 (8)
C20.0294 (10)0.0280 (10)0.0288 (11)0.0017 (8)−0.0032 (8)−0.0057 (8)
C30.0341 (11)0.0302 (11)0.0390 (13)0.0091 (9)−0.0089 (9)−0.0059 (9)
C40.0303 (11)0.0460 (13)0.0373 (13)0.0063 (10)−0.0115 (9)−0.0024 (10)
C50.0314 (10)0.0377 (11)0.0289 (11)−0.0033 (9)−0.0054 (8)−0.0063 (9)
C60.0328 (11)0.0306 (10)0.0297 (11)0.0012 (8)−0.0047 (8)−0.0063 (9)
C70.0306 (11)0.0290 (10)0.0314 (11)0.0008 (8)−0.0039 (8)−0.0084 (8)
C80.0283 (10)0.0249 (10)0.0301 (11)0.0030 (8)−0.0031 (8)−0.0083 (8)
C90.0524 (16)0.0504 (15)0.0462 (16)−0.0097 (12)−0.0098 (12)−0.0079 (12)
C100.0619 (18)0.0567 (17)0.0521 (18)−0.0143 (14)0.0035 (13)−0.0025 (14)
Br1—C51.898 (2)N3—H3B0.8600
S1—C81.698 (2)C3—C41.383 (3)
S2—C101.780 (3)N3—H3A0.8600
S2—O21.508 (2)C4—C51.384 (3)
S2—C91.776 (3)C5—C61.373 (3)
O1—C21.367 (3)C3—H30.9300
N1—N21.384 (3)C4—H40.9300
N1—C71.278 (3)C6—H60.9300
O1—H10.8200C7—H70.9300
N2—C81.338 (3)C9—H9A0.9600
N3—C81.324 (3)C9—H9B0.9600
C1—C71.449 (3)C9—H9C0.9600
C1—C21.405 (3)C10—H10A0.9600
C1—C61.404 (3)C10—H10B0.9600
C2—C31.385 (3)C10—H10C0.9600
N2—H20.8600
C9—S2—C1097.89 (14)S1—C8—N2118.69 (16)
O2—S2—C9105.88 (12)N2—C8—N3118.41 (19)
O2—S2—C10105.84 (12)S1—C8—N3122.90 (18)
N2—N1—C7114.45 (19)C2—C3—H3120.00
C2—O1—H1110.00C4—C3—H3120.00
N1—N2—C8119.44 (18)C5—C4—H4120.00
C2—C1—C7119.58 (19)C3—C4—H4120.00
C2—C1—C6118.62 (19)C1—C6—H6120.00
C6—C1—C7121.8 (2)C5—C6—H6120.00
O1—C2—C3122.0 (2)N1—C7—H7119.00
C1—C2—C3120.5 (2)C1—C7—H7119.00
N1—N2—H2120.00S2—C9—H9A109.00
C8—N2—H2120.00S2—C9—H9B110.00
O1—C2—C1117.53 (18)S2—C9—H9C109.00
H3A—N3—H3B120.00H9A—C9—H9B109.00
C2—C3—C4120.3 (2)H9A—C9—H9C109.00
C8—N3—H3B120.00H9B—C9—H9C109.00
C8—N3—H3A120.00S2—C10—H10A109.00
C3—C4—C5119.3 (2)S2—C10—H10B109.00
Br1—C5—C6119.57 (17)S2—C10—H10C109.00
Br1—C5—C4118.85 (17)H10A—C10—H10B109.00
C4—C5—C6121.6 (2)H10A—C10—H10C109.00
C1—C6—C5119.8 (2)H10B—C10—H10C109.00
N1—C7—C1121.2 (2)
C7—N1—N2—C8178.2 (2)C2—C1—C7—N1169.6 (2)
N2—N1—C7—C1178.29 (19)C6—C1—C7—N1−10.9 (3)
N1—N2—C8—S1178.26 (15)O1—C2—C3—C4−178.3 (2)
N1—N2—C8—N3−1.7 (3)C1—C2—C3—C41.9 (3)
C6—C1—C2—O1178.65 (19)C2—C3—C4—C5−0.7 (4)
C6—C1—C2—C3−1.5 (3)C3—C4—C5—Br1−179.52 (18)
C7—C1—C2—O1−1.9 (3)C3—C4—C5—C6−1.0 (4)
C7—C1—C2—C3178.0 (2)Br1—C5—C6—C1179.90 (16)
C2—C1—C6—C5−0.1 (3)C4—C5—C6—C11.4 (3)
C7—C1—C6—C5−179.6 (2)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O1—H1···S1i0.822.403.1655 (17)157
N2—H2···O2ii0.862.102.897 (2)155
N3—H3A···O1iii0.862.373.048 (2)136
N3—H3A···N10.862.302.648 (3)104
N3—H3B···O2iv0.862.112.930 (3)160
C7—H7···O10.932.442.752 (3)100
C7—H7···O2ii0.932.533.315 (3)142
  13 in total

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3.  Hugo (Ugo) Schiff, Schiff bases, and a century of beta-lactam synthesis.

Authors:  Thomas T Tidwell
Journal:  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl       Date:  2008       Impact factor: 15.336

4.  Towards quantitative analysis of intermolecular interactions with Hirshfeld surfaces.

Authors:  Joshua J McKinnon; Dylan Jayatilaka; Mark A Spackman
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Journal:  Acta Crystallogr C       Date:  1988-06-15       Impact factor: 1.172

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Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online       Date:  2010-10-30

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Journal:  Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem       Date:  2015-01-01       Impact factor: 1.172

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Journal:  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr       Date:  2009-01-20

10.  The Cambridge Structural Database.

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Journal:  Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater       Date:  2016-04-01
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