Sabrina Molinaro1, Elisa Benedetti1, Marco Scalese1, Luca Bastiani1, Loredana Fortunato1, Sonia Cerrai1, Natale Canale2, Pavla Chomynova3,4,5, Zsuzsanna Elekes6, Fernanda Feijão7, Anastasios Fotiou8, Anna Kokkevi8, Ludwig Kraus9,10,11, Liudmila Rupšienė12, Karin Monshouwer13, Alojz Nociar14,15, Julian Strizek16, Tanja Urdih Lazar17. 1. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy. 2. Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. 3. Czech National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction, Prague, Czech Republic. 4. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic. 5. Department of Addictology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic. 6. Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary. 7. General-Directorate for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies (SICAD), Lisbon, Portugal. 8. University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece. 9. IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany. 10. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 11. Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. 12. Klaipėda University, Klaipėda, Lithuania. 13. Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 14. St Elisabeth University of Health and Social Work, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. 15. Research Institute for Child Psychology and Pathopsychology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. 16. Gesundheit Österreich GmbH GÖG, Vienna, Austria. 17. Clinical Institute of Occupational, Traffic and Sports Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although generally prohibited by national regulations, underage gambling has become popular in Europe, with relevant cross-country prevalence variability. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of underage gambling in Europe stratified by type of game and on-/off-line mode and to examine the association with individual and family characteristics and substance use. DESIGN: Our study used data from the 2015 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) cross-sectional study, a survey using self-administered anonymous questionnaires. SETTING: Thirty-three European countries. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen-year-old-year-old students (n = 93 875; F = 50.8%). MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome measure was prevalence of past-year gambling activity. Key predictors comprised individual behaviours, substance use and parenting (regulation, monitoring and caring). FINDINGS: A total of 22.6% of 16-year-old students in Europe gambled in the past year: 16.2% on-line, 18.5% off-line. High prevalence variability was observed throughout countries both for mode and types of game. With the exception of cannabis, substance use shows a higher association with gambling, particularly binge drinking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39-1.53), life-time use of inhalants (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.47-1.68) and other substances (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.65-1.92)]. Among life habits, the following showed a positive association: truancy at school (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.18-1.35), going out at night (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.26-1.38), participating in sports (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.24-1.37). A negative association was found with reading books for leisure (OR = 0.82%, 95% CI = 0.79-0.86), parents' monitoring of Saturday night activities (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.77-0.86) and restrictions on money provided by parents as a gift (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.84-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Underage gambling in Europe appears to be associated positively with alcohol, tobacco and other substance use (but not cannabis), as well as with other individual behaviours such as truancy, going out at night and active participation in sports, and is associated negatively with reading for pleasure, parental monitoring of evening activities and parental restriction of money.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although generally prohibited by national regulations, underage gambling has become popular in Europe, with relevant cross-country prevalence variability. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of underage gambling in Europe stratified by type of game and on-/off-line mode and to examine the association with individual and family characteristics and substance use. DESIGN: Our study used data from the 2015 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) cross-sectional study, a survey using self-administered anonymous questionnaires. SETTING: Thirty-three European countries. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen-year-old-year-old students (n = 93 875; F = 50.8%). MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome measure was prevalence of past-year gambling activity. Key predictors comprised individual behaviours, substance use and parenting (regulation, monitoring and caring). FINDINGS: A total of 22.6% of 16-year-old students in Europe gambled in the past year: 16.2% on-line, 18.5% off-line. High prevalence variability was observed throughout countries both for mode and types of game. With the exception of cannabis, substance use shows a higher association with gambling, particularly binge drinking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39-1.53), life-time use of inhalants (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.47-1.68) and other substances (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.65-1.92)]. Among life habits, the following showed a positive association: truancy at school (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.18-1.35), going out at night (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.26-1.38), participating in sports (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.24-1.37). A negative association was found with reading books for leisure (OR = 0.82%, 95% CI = 0.79-0.86), parents' monitoring of Saturday night activities (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.77-0.86) and restrictions on money provided by parents as a gift (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.84-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Underage gambling in Europe appears to be associated positively with alcohol, tobacco and other substance use (but not cannabis), as well as with other individual behaviours such as truancy, going out at night and active participation in sports, and is associated negatively with reading for pleasure, parental monitoring of evening activities and parental restriction of money.
Authors: Sari Castrén; Terhi Mustonen; Krista Hylkilä; Niko Männikkö; Maria Kääriäinen; Kirsimarja Raitasalo Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-19 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Iina Savolainen; Markus Kaakinen; Anu Sirola; Aki Koivula; Heli Hagfors; Izabela Zych; Hye-Jin Paek; Atte Oksanen Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-11-03 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Atte Oksanen; Anu Sirola; Iina Savolainen; Aki Koivula; Markus Kaakinen; Ilkka Vuorinen; Izabela Zych; Hye-Jin Paek Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-03-20 Impact factor: 3.390