Craig Wilde1, Ali Poostchi1, Rajnikant L Mehta2, Jonathan G Hillman3, Hamish K MacNab3, Marco Messina1, Marco Morales1, Stephen A Vernon4, Winfried M Amoaku5. 1. Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, B Floor, EENT Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. 2. Research Design Service, East Midlands (RDS EM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham Health Science Partners, Room 2107, C Floor South Block, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. 3. The Medical Centre, Station Avenue, Bridlington, YO16 4LZ, UK. 4. University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham and Honorary Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. 5. Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, B Floor, EENT Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Winfried.Amoaku@nottingham.ac.uk.
Abstract
AIMS: To determine prevalence, associations, and risk factors for reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) in a UK population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of Bridlington residents aged ≥65 years. Masked grading of colour fundus photographs from 3549 participants. RPD presence, phenotype, and topography were recorded, demographic details were analysed, and prevalence was calculated. RESULTS: RPD was detected in 281 eyes (176 individuals) of 3476 participants (5.06%) with gradable images, and bilateral in 76.6%. Digital enhancement increased detection by 15.7%. Prevalence increased significantly with age from 1.18% (65-69 years) to 27.27% (≥90 years) (mean age 81.1, SD 6.01; OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15-1.21, p value <0.001), was higher in females (5.9% vs 4.0%; OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.09-2.13, p = 0.014), and associated with diabetes (OR 1.97, CI 1.20-3.17, p = 0.005). History of antihypertension treatment appeared protective (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46-0.90, p = 0.009). RPD subtypes were dot in 18.5%, ribbon in 36.7%, and mixed in 36.3%. RPD were located outside the ETDRS grid in 88%, and most commonly in the outer superior subfield. Central grid involvement occurred in 12.1% of right and 14.3% of left eyes. RPD occurred in 25.9% of participants with grade 4 AMD in at least one eye. RPD was associated with visual dissatisfaction after controlling for age (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.88, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: RPD occur more commonly than previously reported, most frequently in the upper-outer macular subfield, but also within the central subfield, albeit with reduced frequency and altered morphology. RPD may be associated with visual dissatisfaction and diabetes, but are less frequent in persons receiving antihypertension therapy.
AIMS: To determine prevalence, associations, and risk factors for reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) in a UK population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of Bridlington residents aged ≥65 years. Masked grading of colour fundus photographs from 3549 participants. RPD presence, phenotype, and topography were recorded, demographic details were analysed, and prevalence was calculated. RESULTS: RPD was detected in 281 eyes (176 individuals) of 3476 participants (5.06%) with gradable images, and bilateral in 76.6%. Digital enhancement increased detection by 15.7%. Prevalence increased significantly with age from 1.18% (65-69 years) to 27.27% (≥90 years) (mean age 81.1, SD 6.01; OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15-1.21, p value <0.001), was higher in females (5.9% vs 4.0%; OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.09-2.13, p = 0.014), and associated with diabetes (OR 1.97, CI 1.20-3.17, p = 0.005). History of antihypertension treatment appeared protective (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46-0.90, p = 0.009). RPD subtypes were dot in 18.5%, ribbon in 36.7%, and mixed in 36.3%. RPD were located outside the ETDRS grid in 88%, and most commonly in the outer superior subfield. Central grid involvement occurred in 12.1% of right and 14.3% of left eyes. RPD occurred in 25.9% of participants with grade 4 AMD in at least one eye. RPD was associated with visual dissatisfaction after controlling for age (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.88, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: RPD occur more commonly than previously reported, most frequently in the upper-outer macular subfield, but also within the central subfield, albeit with reduced frequency and altered morphology. RPD may be associated with visual dissatisfaction and diabetes, but are less frequent in persons receiving antihypertension therapy.
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