Sharna D Jamadar1,2,3, Francesco Sforazzini1,3, Parnesh Raniga1,4, Nicholas J Ferris1, Bryan Paton1,5, Michael J Bailey6, Amy Brodtmann7, Paul A Yates8,9, Geoffrey A Donnan9, Stephanie A Ward10,11, Robyn L Woods10, Elsdon Storey10,12, John J McNeil10, Gary F Egan1,2,3. 1. Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. 2. ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. 3. Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. 4. CSIRO eHealth Research Centre, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 5. School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. 6. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 7. Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. 8. Department of Aged Care Services, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. 9. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 10. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. 11. Monash Ageing Research Centre (MONARC), The Kingston Centre, Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia. 12. Department of Neuroscience (Medicine), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The onset of many illnesses is confounded with age and sex. Increasing age is a risk factor for the development of many illnesses, and sexual dimorphism influences brain anatomy, function, and cognition. Here, we examine frequency-specific connectivity in resting-state networks in a large sample (n = 406) of healthy aged adults. METHOD: We quantify frequency-specific connectivity in three resting-state networks known to be implicated in age-related decline: the default mode, dorsal attention, and salience networks, using multiband functional magnetic resonance imaging. Frequency-specific connectivity was quantified in four bands: low (0.015-0.027 Hz), moderately low (0.027-0.073 Hz), moderately high (0.073-0.198 Hz), and high (0.198-0.5 Hz) frequency bands, using mean intensity and spatial extent. Differences in connectivity between the sexes in each of the three networks were examined. RESULTS: Each network showed the largest intensity and spatial extent at low frequencies and smallest extent at high frequencies. Males showed greater connectivity than females in the salience network. Females showed greater connectivity than males in the default mode network. DISCUSSION: Results in this healthy aged cohort are compatible with those obtained in young samples, suggesting that frequency-specific connectivity, and differences between the sexes, are maintained into older age. Our results indicate that sex should be considered as an influencing factor in studies of resting-state connectivity.
OBJECTIVES: The onset of many illnesses is confounded with age and sex. Increasing age is a risk factor for the development of many illnesses, and sexual dimorphism influences brain anatomy, function, and cognition. Here, we examine frequency-specific connectivity in resting-state networks in a large sample (n = 406) of healthy aged adults. METHOD: We quantify frequency-specific connectivity in three resting-state networks known to be implicated in age-related decline: the default mode, dorsal attention, and salience networks, using multiband functional magnetic resonance imaging. Frequency-specific connectivity was quantified in four bands: low (0.015-0.027 Hz), moderately low (0.027-0.073 Hz), moderately high (0.073-0.198 Hz), and high (0.198-0.5 Hz) frequency bands, using mean intensity and spatial extent. Differences in connectivity between the sexes in each of the three networks were examined. RESULTS: Each network showed the largest intensity and spatial extent at low frequencies and smallest extent at high frequencies. Males showed greater connectivity than females in the salience network. Females showed greater connectivity than males in the default mode network. DISCUSSION: Results in this healthy aged cohort are compatible with those obtained in young samples, suggesting that frequency-specific connectivity, and differences between the sexes, are maintained into older age. Our results indicate that sex should be considered as an influencing factor in studies of resting-state connectivity.
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