The Current Conditions and Lifestyles of Obese University Students.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Japan remains high, and the onset becomes early. Studies on the current conditions and lifestyles of obese university students may support early interventions to achieve lifestyle modification. METHODS AND
RESULTS: The results of periodic health examinations in 32,262 first-year university students revealed that 2,036 (6.3%) were obese. We performed a more detailed examination in 221 of these obese students (165 males and 56 females, age 19 ± 1 years) with study agreement from 2014 to 2016. In this study cohort, the percentage of students who exercised regularly was significantly higher among males than females. Body fat in males with well-exercised was lower than that in males with no exercise. In addition, serum level of high-density cholesterol in males with well-exercised was higher. Among females, there were no significant differences in these parameters between exercisers and non-exercisers. Forty-two obese students (40 males and two females) met the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Among males, levels of body fat, uric acid, liver enzyme and insulin resistance in the MetS group were significantly higher than those in the non-MetS group. The average ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) was low (0.14).
CONCLUSIONS: Although the proportions of students with obesity and/or MetS were not high, the EPA/AA ratio in obese young males was low, which may be associated with a high risk of coronary atherosclerosis. To prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases early intervention to achieve lifestyle modification may be important.

Introduction

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Japan is still high, and the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases that are risk factors for CVD is also increasing [1]. In addition, lifestyle-related diseases are showing an increasingly younger age of onset, and thus are becoming a major social problem. In a survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, over the past 30 years, the proportion of obesity among children has increased rapidly, and one of 10 Japanese males aged 9 to 17 years is now estimated to be obese [2]. This is believed to be due to changes in eating disorders and lifestyle habits. Unhealthy lifestyle habits continue when students enters university where they face a high possibility of further deterioration. Therefore, interventions to raise awareness regarding the association between lifestyle habits and obesity at the time of admission to university may be useful for the prevention and early onset of lifestyle-related diseases. The purpose of this research was to determine the current prevalence of obesity in university students, along with the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the associations between obesity and lifestyle habits or biochemical parameters.

Methods

Subjects and data collection

We used data obtained at mandatory periodic health checkups at Fukuoka University. The subjects were first-year university students from 2010 to 2016. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2 (BMI > 26.5 from 2010 to 2013). More detailed examinations (blood tests, etc.) were performed when the student consented to these examinations. We analyzed lifestyle habits by a questionnaire and performed a detailed examination (body height (BH), body weight (BW), BMI, abdominal circumference (AC), body fat, smoking habits, exercise status, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), the eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratio (EPA/AA), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and blood levels of hemoglobin (Hb), platelet (PLT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γGTP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), sodium (Na), potassium (K), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin (IRI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hCRP) and adiponectin). Smoking habits were defined as currently smoking or parents who smoked. The protocol in this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fukuoka University School of Medicine. All data were retrospectively collected from the database of Fukuoka University Health Care Center.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using Excel (Version 14.2.0; Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Categorical and continuous variables were compared between groups by Chi-square analysis and Student’s t-test, respectively. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Yearly trends in the number of obese students

The total number of first-year students from 2010 to 2016 was 32,262 (19,638 male and 12,624 female) (Table 1). Among them, 2,036 (6.3 %) were obese (1,552 male (7.9 %) and 484 female (3.8 %)). Of these obese students, 397 (about 20%) agreed to undergo a detailed examination (303 male and 94 female) (Table 1). The numbers (percentages) of students who had SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg, FBS ≥ 110 mg/dL, TG ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL-C < 40mg/dL, ALT ≥ 50 IU/L and UA > 7.0 mg/dL were 216 (54.4 %), 8 (2.0 %), 58 (14.6 %), 61 (15.4 %), 120 (30.2 %) and 149 (37.5 %), respectively (Fig. 1).

Table 1

Yearly Trends in the Number of Obese Students

The year	The number of first grade students	The number of first grade students with obesity	The number of first grade students with obesity agreed to undergo a detailed examination	SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg	FBS ≥ 110 mg/dL	TG ≥ 150 mg/dL	HDL-C < 40 mg/dL	ALT ≥ 50 IU/L	UA > 7.0 mg/dL
2010	4,640 (2,909)	203 (163)	38 (32)	21 (20)	1 (1)	5 (5)	7 (6)	15 (15)	N.D.
2011	4,734 (2,916)	254 (207)	50 (39)	25 (22)	1 (1)	7 (7)	6 (5)	16 (16)	27 (26)
2012	4,516 (2,773)	244 (188)	38 (34)	13 (13)	2 (1)	3 (2)	8 (6)	14 (12)	17 (16)
2013	4,752 (2,842)	219 (169)	46 (30)	41 (29)	0 (0)	10 (9)	10 (9)	20 (20)	25 (24)
2014	4,521 (2,714)	384 (277)	87 (62)	32 (26)	3 (3)	8 (7)	6 (4)	17 (16)	26 (24)
2015	4,579 (2731)	371 (278)	70 (58)	42 (36)	0 (0)	13 (12)	12 (12)	20 (20)	25 (25)
2016	4,520 (2753)	361 (270)	68 (48)	42 (37)	1 (1)	12 (11)	12 (12)	18 (17)	29 (28)
Total	32,262 (19,638)	2,036 (1,552)	397 (303)	216 (183)	8 (7)	58 (53)	61 (54)	120 (116)	149 (143)

M: males; F: females; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBS: fasting blood sugar; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; UA: uric acid; N.D.: not determined. The parentheses indicate the number of male students.

Figure 1

Flow diagram of first-year students.

Characteristics of and biochemical parameters in blood of obese students: all students, males and females

Since there were changes in the detailed examination items, such as in the definition of BMI and the contents of the questionnaire, from 2010 to 2016, we only included obese students from 2014 to 2016, when there were no changes. We excluded students who were 30 years of age or older and those who played sports almost every day. Finally, we considered 221 obese students (165 males and 56 females) for further analysis (Fig. 1, Table 2). The average ages of males and females were 19 ± 1 and 18 ± 1 years, respectively. While males had significantly higher BH, BW and AC compared to females, females had higher body fat. There was no significant difference in BMI between males (31 ± 4 kg/m2) and females (30 ± 4 kg/m2). SBP and DBP in males were significantly higher than those in females. Liver and kidney function and UA levels in males were significantly higher than those in females. Regarding lipid metabolism, males showed significantly higher TG and LDL-C levels than females. All of the obese students had a low EPA/AA ratio, but there was no gender difference. There were also no gender differences in levels of FBS, IRI, HbA1c or hCRP. However, adiponectin levels in obese males were significantly lower than those in obese females.

Table 2

Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: All Students, Males and Females

	All	Males	Females
N	221	165	56
Age (years)	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	18 ± 1
BH (cm)	167 ± 8	171 ± 6	158 ± 5**
BW (kg)	86 ± 14	90 ± 12	74 ± 14**
BMI (kg/m2)	31 ± 4	31 ± 4	30 ± 4
AC (cm)	95 ± 10	97 ± 10	90 ± 10**
Body fat (%)	32 ± 7	30 ± 7	38 ± 5**
Non-smoking (%)	67	68	66
Exercise (%)	32	38	18*
SBP (mm Hg)	135 ± 13	137 ± 12	127 ± 13**
DBP (mm Hg)	72 ± 11	73 ± 11	69 ± 10*
WBC (/µL)	7,163 ± 1,703	7,001 ± 1,657	7641 ± 1761*
RBC (×104/µL)	516 ± 38	530 ± 29	473 ± 27**
Hb (g/dL)	15 ± 1	16 ± 1	14 ± 1**
PLT (×104/µL)	28 ± 5	27 ± 5	30 ± 6**
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	12 ± 3	10 ± 2**
Cr (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1**
UA (mg/dL)	6.5 ± 1.6	7.0 ± 1.5	5.2 ± 1.1**
AST (IU/L)	27 ± 16	30 ± 17	20 ± 6**
ALT (IU/L)	44 ± 41	51 ± 44	24 ± 17**
γGTP (IU/L)	33 ± 26	37 ± 28	21 ± 9**
TC (mg/dL)	182 ± 31	183 ± 33	178 ± 22
TG (mg/dL)	104 ± 70	111 ± 76	83 ± 44*
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50 ± 10	49 ± 9	55 ± 10**
LDL-C (mg/dL)	116 ± 28	118 ± 30	109 ± 21*
EPA/AA	0.14 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.07	0.13 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 7	141 ± 2	139 ± 14*
K (mE/dL)	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	87 ± 8	88 ± 9	86 ± 6
IRI	12 ± 6	12 ± 8	12 ± 5
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	2.6 ± 2.0	2.7 ± 2.2	2.6 ± 1.2
hCRP (ng/mL)	1,773 ± 2,926	1,648 ± 2,711	2,146 ± 3,492
Adiponection	6.4 ± 2.4	6.0 ± 2.2	7.6 ± 2.7*

BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WBC: white blood cell; RBC: red blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; PLT: platelet; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatine; UA: uric acid; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; γGTP: γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; EPA/AA: the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid; Na: sodium; K: potassium; FBS: blood sugar; IRI: insulin; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; hCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. Males.

Characteristics of and various biochemical parameters in blood of obese students: in quartiles according to BMI

Next, the obese students were divided into four groups (Q, quartiles) according to BMI (Q1 (n = 56), BMI < 27.6; Q2 (n = 56), 27.6 ≤ BMI < 31; Q3 (n = 56), 31 ≤ BMI < 33.2; and Q4 (n = 53), 33.2 ≤ BMI) (Table 3). BW, AC, body fat, SBP, DBP, WBC, RBC, PLT, UA, AST, ALT, γGTP, TG, LDL-C, FBS, IRI, HOMA-IR and hCRP all significantly increased as BMI increased. HDL-C and adiponectin significantly decreased as BMI increased.

Table 3

Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: in Quartiles According to BMI

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P for trend
N	56	56	56	53
Age (years)	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	NS
Male (%)	70	73	80	77	NS
BH (cm)	166 ± 8	167 ± 8	168 ± 8	169 ± 7	NS
BW (kg)	72 ± 7	83 ± 9	90 ± 8	99 ± 16	< 0.005
BMI (kg/m2)	26 ± 1	30 ± 1	32 ± 1	35 ± 2	< 0.005
AC (cm)	84 ± 5	92 ± 6	98 ± 8	106 ± 8	< 0.005
Body fat (%)	26 ± 7	31 ± 5	34 ± 6	37 ± 5	< 0.005
Non-smoking (%)	34:6%	42:8%	34:6%	36:7%	NS
Exercise (%)	22:4%	20:4%	12:2%	18:4%	NS
SBP (mm Hg)	128 ± 14	137 ± 13	134 ± 12	140 ± 12	< 0.005
DBP (mm Hg)	68 ± 12	72 ± 10	72 ± 11	76 ± 8	< 0.005
WBC (/µl)	6,439 ± 1,442	7,007 ± 1,619	7,268 ± 1,623	7,983 ± 1,797	< 0.005
RBC (×104/µL)	502 ± 39	513 ± 37	521 ± 34	527 ± 39	< 0.005
Hb (g/dL)	15 ± 1	15 ± 1	15 ± 1	15 ± 1	NS
PLT (×104/µL)	26 ± 5	28 ± 6	28 ± 5	29 ± 5	< 0.005
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 2	12 ± 3	12 ± 3	11 ± 3	NS
Cr (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	NS
UA (mg/dL)	5.6 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 1.5	6.9 ± 1.4	7.3 ± 1.6	< 0.005
AST (IU/L)	20 ± 5	27 ± 18	29 ± 17	33 ± 16	< 0.005
ALT (IU/L)	22 ± 12	45 ± 48	53 ± 45	59 ± 40	< 0.005
γGTP (IU/L)	23 ± 14	30 ± 22	40 ± 28	40 ± 32	< 0.005
TC (mg/dL)	177 ± 27	182 ± 29	190 ± 34	181 ± 33	NS
TG (mg/dL)	86 ± 51	97 ± 59	116 ± 76	118 ± 87	< 0.05
HDL-C (mg/dL)	54 ± 10	50 ± 9	48 ± 9	48 ± 9	< 0.005
LDL-C (mg/dL)	107 ± 23	116 ± 26	124 ± 34	117 ± 30	< 0.05
EPA/AA	0.15 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.06	0.14 ± 0.08	NS
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	141 ± 2	141 ± 2	141 ± 2	NS
K (mE/dL)	3.9 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.2	NS
FBS (mg/dL)	84 ± 5	87 ± 7	89 ± 9	89 ± 9	< 0.005
IRI (µIU/mL)	8 ± 4	12 ± 9	12 ± 8	16 ± 6	< 0.005
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.3	NS
HOMA-IR	1.7 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 2.2	2.8 ± 2.6	3.5 ± 1.5	< 0.005
hCRP (ng/mL)	718 ± 1,562	1,492 ± 2,694	1,523 ± 1,998	3,503 ± 4,195	< 0.005
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	7.3 ± 2.2	6.2 ± 2.4	6.4 ± 3.0	5.5 ± 1.8	< 0.005

Characteristics of and various biochemical parameters in blood of obese students: exercise and non-exercise groups in males and females

The obese students were divided into males and females with or without exercise habits (Table 4) based on the questionnaire. The exercise group was defined as students who exercised for more than 30 min at least twice a week other than school attendance. Among both males and females, body fat in the non-exercise group was significantly higher than that in the exercise group. Among males, HDL-C in the non-exercise group was significantly lower than that in the exercise group.

Table 4

Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: Exercise and Non-Exercise Groups in Males and Females

	Males		Females
	Exercise	Non-exercise	Exercise	Non-exercise
N	64	101	10	46
Age	19 ± 2	19 ± 5	19 ± 1	18 ± 1
BMI (kg/m2)	31 ± 4	31 ± 3	30 ± 4	30 ± 4
AC (cm)	96 ± 11	98 ± 9	92 ± 8	89 ± 10
Body fat (%)	28 ± 7	31 ± 7*	35 ± 5	39 ± 4*
SBP (mm Hg)	139 ± 12	137 ± 12	126 ± 9	128 ± 14
DBP (mm Hg)	72 ± 11	74 ± 11	66 ± 6	69 ± 11
Non-smoking	73%	69%	60%	70%
WBC (/µL)	6,734 ± 1,617	7,218 ± 1,643	7,920 ± 2,243	7,563 ± 1,681
RBC (×104/µL)	525 ± 30	534 ± 29	464 ± 26	475 ± 27
Hb (g/dL)	16 ± 1	16 ± 1	13 ± 1	14 ± 1
PLT (×104/µL)	26 ± 5	27 ± 5	28 ± 7	31 ± 5
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	12 ± 3	11 ± 3	10 ± 2
Cr (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1
UA (mg/dL)	6.9 ± 1.5	7.1 ± 1.5	5.3 ± 1.1	5.2 ± 1.1
AST (IU/L)	28 ± 18	31 ± 17	21 ± 9	20 ± 6
ALT (IU/L)	44 ± 42	57 ± 4	27 ± 28	23 ± 14
γGTP (IU/L)	36 ± 30	39 ± 28	19 ± 5	21 ± 10
TC (mg/dL)	187 ± 32	183 ± 34	182 ± 24	177 ± 21
TG (mg/dL)	108 ± 70	113 ± 76	75 ± 39	85 ± 45
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50 ± 9	47 ± 9*	55 ± 8	55 ± 10
LDL-C (mg/dL)	119 ± 29	120 ± 31	112 ± 20	108 ± 21
EPA/AA	0.16 ± 0.08	0.14 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	142 ± 2	141 ± 2	140 ± 2
K (mE/dL)	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.2	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	89 ± 9	87 ± 9	86 ± 9	85 ± 5
IRI (µIU/mL)	12 ± 11	12 ± 6	12 ± 8	12 ± 5
HbA1c (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	2.7 ± 3.1	2.6 ± 1.4	2.6 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 1.1
hCRP (ng/mL)	1,711 ± 3,082	1,697 ± 2,550	2,593 ± 4,441	2,049 ± 3,375
Adiponection (µ/mL)	6.3 ± 2.4	5.7 ± 2.0	8.8 ± 3.1	7.4 ± 2.6

*P < 0.01 vs. Exercise.

Characteristics of and various biochemical parameters in blood of obese students: smoking and non-smoking groups

Characteristics of and various biochemical parameters in blood of obese students in the smoking and non-smoking groups are shown in Table 5. Sixty-four students were classified in the smoking group, only one of whom was currently smoking. The remaining 63 students had parents who smoked. The TC, TG and LDL-C levels in the smoking group were significantly higher than those in the non-smoking group.

Table 5

Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: Smoking and Non-Smoking Groups

	Smoking	Non-smoking
N	64	157
Age	19 ± 1	19 ± 4
Males (%)	73	75
BMI (kg/m2)	31 ± 3	31 ± 4
AC (cm)	95 ± 10	95 ± 11
Body fat (%)	32 ± 7	32 ± 8
SBP (mm Hg)	134 ± 14	136 ± 12
DBP (mm Hg)	72 ± 11	72 ± 11
Exercise (%)	33	35
WBC (/µL)	7,484 ± 1,668	7,035 ± 1,696
RBC (×104/µL)	514 ± 40	516 ± 38
Hb (g/dL)	15 ± 1	15 ± 1
PLT (×104/µL)	28 ± 5	27 ± 5
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	11 ± 3
Cr (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1
UA (mg/dL)	6.6 ± 1.5	6.5 ± 1.6
AST (IU/L)	28 ± 16	27 ± 16
ALT (IU/L)	46 ± 44	44 ± 41
γGTP (IU/L)	35 ± 32	33 ± 23
TC (mg/dL)	191 ± 29	179 ± 31*
TG (mg/dL)	113 ± 81	100 ± 62*
HDL-C (mg/dL)	52 ± 11	50 ± 9
LDL-C (mg/dL)	122 ± 29	114 ± 28*
EPA/AA	0.14 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	141 ± 9
K (mE/dL)	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	88 ± 9	87 ± 8
IRI (µIU/mL)	11 ± 5	12 ± 8
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	2.5 ± 1.5	2.7 ± 2.3
hCRP (ng/mL)	1,597 ± 1,086	1,919 ± 2,932
Adiponection (µ/mL)	6.5 ± 2.7	6.3 ± 2.4

*P < 0.05 vs. Smoking.

Characteristics of and various biochemical parameters in blood of obese male students: MetS and non-MetS groups

Forty-two (40 males and two females) of the 221 obese students met the diagnostic criteria for MetS (MetS group). We excluded females from this analysis because there were only two (Table 6). BW, BMI, AC, body fat, SBP, WBC, RBC, Hb, PLT, UA, liver function, TG, IRI, and HOMA-IR in the MetS group were significantly higher than those in the non-MetS group. The MetS group also had significantly lower HDL-C and adiponectin levels than the non-MetS group.

Table 6

Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Male Students: MetS and Non-MetS Groups

	Mets	Non-Mets
N	40	125
Age	19 ± 2	19 ± 1
BH (cm)	172 ± 6	170 ± 6
BW (kg)	96 ± 9	88 ± 12**
BMI (kg/m2)	32 ± 3	30 ± 4**
AC (cm)	101 ± 6	95 ± 10**
Body fat (%)	32 ± 4	29 ± 8*
SBP(mm Hg)	141 ± 9	136 ± 13*
DBP(mm Hg)	75 ± 10	72 ± 11
Non-smoking (%)	60	69
Exercise (%)	30	42
WBC (/µL)	7,727 ± 1,483	6,769 ± 1,648**
RBC (×104/µL)	544 ± 27	526 ± 29**
Hb (g/dL)	16 ± 1	15 ± 1**
PLT (×104/µL)	28 ± 4	26 ± 5*
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	13 ± 3
Cr (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1
UA (mg/dL)	7.4 ± 1.3	6.9 ± 1.5*
AST (IU/L)	37 ± 22	27 ± 14**
ALT (IU/L)	76 ± 59	43 ± 35**
γGTP (IU/L)	52 ± 36	33 ± 24**
TC (mg/dL)	192 ± 39	181 ± 31
TG (mg/dL)	191 ± 101	86 ± 42**
HDL-C (mg/dL)	41 ± 6	51 ± 9**
LDL-C (mg/dL)	125 ± 35	116 ± 28
EPA/AA	0.14 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	141 ± 2
K (mE/dL)	3.7 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	89 ± 11	87 ± 8
IRI (µIU/mL)	15 ± 11	11 ± 7**
HbA1c (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	3.4 ± 2.7	2.4 ± 2.0*
hCRP (ng/mL)	2,081 ± 3,137	1,511 ± 2,561
Adiponection (µ/mL)	5.1 ± 1.5	6.2 ± 2.3**

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. Mets.

Discussion

In this study, obese students comprised 6.3 % of the total. According to the Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2014 [1], the prevalence of obesity among people in their 20s in 2012 (15.2%) was much higher than that of 30 years ago (9.8 %). With regard to an awareness of the importance of lifestyle for health, while a high proportion of people over age 65 years (69 %) were “positively doing things or being particularly attentive” or “being careful about lifestyle”, people aged 20 to 39 years were less likely to be concerned about their lifestyle (44.8 %). Young people with MetS are at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus [3]. Although the proportion of Japanese students with obesity and/or MetS is not particularly high, both of these conditions are considered to be risk factors for CVD.

This study was limited to obese students. Overall, 33 % of the obese students exercised regularly, and there was a significant difference in exercise habits between males (63 %) and females (22 %). Since the questionnaire provided self-reported data, it is impossible to confirm differences, such as in exercise intensity between the two groups. In addition, the only parameter that significantly differed between the exercise and non-exercise groups was body fat. Obese males who exercised had significantly higher HDL-C levels than non-exercisers.

Smoking habits were determined using a questionnaire. Only one of the obese students smoked. There are several reports that parents who smoke influence their children [4, 5]. According to a report from Finland [4], children with parents who smoke show a greater progression of carotid plaque than children whose parents do not smoke. Since a smoking parent may influence the risk of arteriosclerosis in their children, we compared students with parents who smoked to students whose parents did not smoke. No significant difference in BP or diabetes was noted between the two groups. However, lipid levels, such as total cholesterol, LDL-C and TG, in the smoking group were significantly higher than those in the non-smoking group, which is consistent with the previous report.

A low EPA/AA ratio has been associated with a high risk of coronary atherosclerosis [5, 6]. Maintaining a high EPA/AA ratio through the administration of EPA has been shown to be effective for preventing cardiovascular events [7]. In this study, the EPA/AA ratio in obese subjects was very low (0.14). In addition, there were no significant associations between EPA/AA and gender, severity of obesity, or presence of MetS in males. While there have been few reports on the EPA/AA ratio in young subjects, this ratio increases with age [8]. A recent report stated that low EPA/AA values are related to the risk of other diseases as well as CVD [9-11]. These results may be influenced by changes in modern dietary habits, and may contribute to the early onset of arteriosclerosis.

This study has several limitations. First, the study was cross-sectional. Second, some of the data were obtained using a questionnaire, and thus may not be accurate.

In conclusion, the proportion of obese students at our university (about 6 %) was not particularly high. However, the EPA/AA ratio in young obese males was quite low, which may be associated with a high risk of coronary atherosclerosis. To help prevent the onset of CVD, early intervention may be needed to achieve lifestyle modification.