H2A.Z promotes the transcription of MIR156A and MIR156C in Arabidopsis by facilitating the deposition of H3K4me3.

Vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by a decrease in the level of MIR156A and MIR156C, resulting in an increase in the expression of their targets, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes. Changes in chromatin structure are required for the downregulation of MIR156A and MIR156C, but whether chromatin structure contributes to their initial elevated expression is unknown. We found that mutations in components of the SWR1 complex (ARP6, SEF) and in genes encoding H2A.Z (HTA9 and HTA11) reduce the expression of MIR156A and MIR156C, and accelerate vegetative phase change, indicating that H2A.Z promotes juvenile vegetative identity. However, arp6 and sef did not accelerate the temporal decline in miR156, and the downregulation of MIR156A and MIR156C was not accompanied by significant change in the level of H2A.Z at these loci. We conclude that H2A.Z contributes to the high expression of MIR156A/MIR156C early in shoot development, but does not regulate the timing of vegetative phase change. Our results also suggest that H2A.Z promotes the expression of MIR156A/MIR156C by facilitating the deposition of H3K4me3, rather than by decreasing nucleosome occupancy.