Transcatheter aortic valve implantation at a high-volume center: the Bad Rothenfelde experience.

INTRODUCTION: The "transfemoral (TF) first" approach to access route selection in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is popular; however, the risk of major vascular complications is substantial. The "best for TF" approach identifies only the patients with ideal anatomy for TF-TAVI, potentially minimizing complications. AIM: To characterize the outcomes of patients undergoing TAVI at a large-volume site that employs this approach.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who underwent TAVI at the Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre between 2008 and 2016 were consecutively enrolled. Findings were compared to those from large, multicenter registries.
RESULTS: Of the 1,644 patients enrolled, 1,140 underwent TA- and 504 TF-TAVI. Comorbidities were more frequent in TA patients, who also had higher risk scores (EuroSCORE: 25.5% vs. 21.2%; STS score: 11.0% vs. 7.5%; p < 0.001 for both). Rates of conversion to open surgery, major vascular complications and intra-procedural mortality did not differ between groups. At 30 days, mortality rates were higher in the TA group (3.9% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.036). Stroke/transient ischemic attack and permanent pacemaker implantation rates did not differ significantly between groups (2.0% and 9.1% overall, respectively). Compared to multicenter registries, trends in mortality and complication rates were similar, though magnitudes were lower in the present study. In contrast with the present study, major vascular complication rates in multicenter registries are significantly higher for TF compared to TA patients.
CONCLUSIONS: At this high-volume center, the use of a "best for TF" approach to TAVI resulted in low mortality and complication rates.

Introduction

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is growing in popularity for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis (AS). A number of access options exist, including transfemoral (TF), transapical (TA), transaortic (TAo), transaxillary/subclavian and transcarotid. Of these, the retrograde TF and antegrade TA routes are most common.

The “TF-first” approach to the access route decision only considers patients for TA-TAVI once their anatomical eligibility for the TF route has been ruled out, resulting in prior studies reporting approximately two-thirds of patients undergoing TF-TAVI [1-3]. Use of TF access is becoming ever more popular amongst physicians, justified by TF-TAVI being less invasive [4], smaller diameter delivery devices becoming available, and the learning curve being shorter due to physician familiarity with percutaneous coronary intervention [5]. However, delivery devices travelling down lengthy vasculature have been associated with a higher risk of stroke and vascular damage [6]. Furthermore, retrograde crossing of the aortic arch may result in more difficult valve positioning. Therefore, care is needed when selecting patients for the TF route. The alternative “best for TF” approach favors the TA route for all patients unless they meet specific “ideal” TF access criteria, including appropriate diameter of target vasculature, minimal tortuosity, low-level calcification, and easily accessible valve position. This results in only 20% of patients undergoing TF-TAVI, with evidence suggesting lower rates of vascular complications and better clinical outcomes for both TA- and TF-TAVI patients [7].

Many of the studies comparing TA- to TF-TAVI include a mixture of sites, including those with low TAVI volumes. Clinical outcomes at a single, specialist, high-volume center may be expected to be superior to those reported by multicenter studies, given that surgical teams are more experienced and the learning curve is less significant. The Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre is one such center, which employs the “best for TF” approach.

Aim

We aimed to report the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent TA- or TF-TAVI at the Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre between 2008 and 2016. We then compared our findings to those from large, multicenter registries, which included sites with low TAVI volumes and a “TF first” approach. This was with the aim of evaluating whether a single, high-volume, “best for TF” center could provide superior outcomes.

Material and methods

A single-center, prospective, observational registry of patients who underwent TAVI between 2008 and 2016 at the Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre, Germany, was established as part of a quality assurance initiative. The present study is a retrospective analysis. The registry was approved by the responsible ethics committee in Hannover and performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave their written informed consent to participate.

Patients

Patients diagnosed with severe AS who were considered to be at prohibitively high risk for surgery, and were scheduled to undergo TF- or TA-TAVI, were consecutively enrolled. The decision to perform TAVI was made by the Bad Rothenfelde Heart Team (cardiologists, a cardiac surgeon and an imaging specialist) independently from the registry, as was the choice of access route. The latter was based on the “best for TF” approach, with only patients meeting all of the following six criteria scheduled to undergo TF-TAVI: target artery (common femoral/external iliac) diameter ≥ 1 mm larger than the outer diameter of the delivery sheath; minimal calcification at the entry site; no circular calcification between the entry site and abdominal aorta; no excessive calcification or atheroma in the aortic arch; no pronounced tortuosity of the aorta and iliac arteries; and no pronounced transverse position of the aortic valve. Any patient not meeting all of these criteria underwent TAVI via the TA route.

Procedure, documentation and outcomes

Prior to TAVI, baseline characteristics were documented and the most appropriate access route and valve size determined based on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), coronary angiography, and a CT scan. All procedures were carried out under general anesthesia, according to the relevant standard protocols at the institution. Peri-procedural details were recorded, as were changes in post-TAVI echocardiographic parameters.

Follow-up visits and telephone interviews were carried out at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, and every 12 months thereafter. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality, defined according to VARC-2 criteria [8]. Secondary outcomes included rates of peri-procedural complications (such as conversion to open surgery, major vascular complications, and acute kidney injury), and other 30-day outcomes defined by VARC-2 (including functional status, rates of stroke/TIA and PPI) [8]. Survival rates over 5 years were also assessed.

Statistical analysis

One-way ANOVA was used to test for differences in means between TA- and TF-TAVI patients. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Survival outcomes were illustrated using Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results

A total of 1,644 TAVI procedures were performed at the Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre within the study period (Fig. 1). Of these, 1,140 (69.3%) were performed via the TA, and 504 (30.7%) via the TF access route.

Fig. 1

Patient flow

FU – follow-up, TA – transapical, TF – transfemoral

Baseline characteristics

Patients had a mean age of 81.0 ±5.8 years at baseline, which was not significantly different between TA and TF patients (Tab. I). A greater proportion of the TA group was female. Transapical patients presented with greater comorbidity overall, though a larger proportion of TF patients had pulmonary hypertension.

Tab. I

Baseline characteristics

Parameter	Mean ± SD/n/N (%)			P-value
	Total (n = 1644)	TA (n = 1140)	TF (n = 504)
Age [years]	81.0 ±5.8	80.9 ±6.0	81.4 ±5.3	0.110
Females	892/1644 (54.3)	560/1140 (49.1)	332/504 (65.9)	< 0.001
Comorbidities:
Hypertension	1551/1644 (94.3)	1089/1140 (95.5)	462/504 (91.7)	0.002
Coronary artery disease	937/1620 (57.8)	724/1138 (63.6)	213/482 (44.2)	< 0.001
Previous myocardial infarction	277/1621 (17.1)	213/1141 (18.7)	65/482 (13.5)	0.012
Atrial fibrillation	664/1644 (40.4)	493/1140 (43.2)	171/504 (33.9)	< 0.001
Prior cardiac surgery[a]	408/1643 (24.8)	347/1139 (30.5)	61/504 (12.1)	< 0.001
NYHA class III or IV	1275/1569 (81.3)	926/1137 (81.4)	349/432 (80.8)	0.766
Porcelain aorta	463/1622 (28.5)	356/1139 (31.3)	107/483 (22.2)	< 0.001
Previous stroke	257/1643 (15.6)	201/1140 (17.6)	56/503 (11.1)	0.001
Pulmonary hypertension	511/1642 (31.1)	329/1139 (28.9)	182/503 (36.2)	0.003
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	332/1644 (20.2)	228/1140 (20.0)	104/504 (20.6)	0.767
Diabetes	502/1644 (30.5)	363/1140 (31.8)	139/504 (27.6)	0.084
Renal insufficiency	935/1642 (56.9)	675/1139 (59.3)	260/503 (51.7)	0.004
Aortic valve echocardiographic data:
Left ventricular ejection fraction	53.5 ±12.8	53.0 ±13.1	54.6 ±12.3	0.017
Peak gradient [mm Hg]	76.4 ±25.1	76.2 ±25.3	76.9 ±24.6	0.547
Mean gradient [mm Hg]	47.4 ±16.6	47.2 ±16.9	47.7 ±16.0	0.534
Log EuroSCORE I (%):	24.2 ±14.8	25.5 ±15.3	21.2 ±13.1	< 0.001
Intermediate risk (< 15%)	515/1635 (31.5)	325/1133 (28.7)	190/502 (37.8)	< 0.001
High risk (≥ 15, < 30%)	673/1635 (41.2)	455/1133 (40.2)	218/502 (43.4)
Very high risk (≥ 30%)	447/1635 (27.3)	353/1133 (31.2)	94/502 (18.7)
STS score (%)	9.9 ±9.4	11.0 ±9.9	7.3 ±7.5	< 0.001

EuroSCORE – European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation, NYHA – New York Heart Association, STS – Society of Thoracic Surgeons, TA – transapical, TF – transfemoral.

Excluding prior PCI.

Aortic valve (AV) peak and mean gradients (76.4 ±25.1 and 47.4 ±16.6 mm Hg, respectively) were comparable between groups. However, the mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was slightly lower in TA patients (53.0 ±13.1 vs. 54.6 ±12.3, p = 0.017).

The mean logistic EuroSCORE was higher for the TA compared to the TF group (25.5 ±15.3% vs. 21.2 ±13.1%), as was the STS score (11.0 ±9.9% vs. 7.3 ±7.5%, p < 0.001).

Procedural data

Pre-dilation was performed in a significantly higher proportion of TF compared to TA patients (95.4% vs. 53.4%, p < 0.001), with a longer procedural time in the former group (71.2 ±26.5 vs. 67.9 ±33.0 min, p = 0.050) (Tab. II). The majority of patients received a SAPIEN/SAPIEN XT prosthesis (Edwards; 1,359 patients (82.7%)), with the remainder receiving an ACURATE valve (Symetis). No difference in the need for post-dilation was observed between groups. A second valve was required in six TA compared to no TF procedures (0.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.186). The rates of all other procedural complications were low and comparable between groups.

Tab. II

Peri-procedural details

Parameter	Mean ± SD or n/N (%)			P-value
	Total (n = 1644)	TA (n = 1140)	TF (n = 504)
Procedural time [min]	68.9 ±31.2	67.9 ±33.0	71.2 ±26.5	0.050
Valve type:				< 0.001
SAPIEN/SAPIEN XT	1359/1644 (82.7)	913/1140 (80.1)	446/504 (88.5)
ACURATE	285/1644 (17.3)	227/1140 (19.9)	58/504 (11.5)
Pre-dilation	1090/1644 (66.3)	609/1140 (53.4)	481/504 (95.4)	< 0.001
Post-dilation	282/1644 (17.2)	195/1140 (17.1)	87/504 (17.3)	0.931
Complications:
Procedural mortality	5/1644 (0.3)	3/1142 (0.3)	2/504 (0.4)	0.645
Conversion to open surgery	10/1644 (0.6)	7/1140 (0.6)	3/504 (0.6)	1.000
vSecond valve	6/1644 (0.4)	6/1140 (0.5)	0/504 (0)	0.186
Vascular access complications:				0.163
Major vascular complications	33/1622 (2.0)	21/1130 (1.9)	12/492 (2.4)
Minor vascular complications	21/1622 (1.3)	11/1130 (1.0)	10/492 (2.0)
Dialysis	9/1621 (0.6)	9/1129 (0.8)	0/504 (0)	0.065
Aortic valve electrocardiographic parameters:
Peak velocity[m/s]	2.2 ±0.4	2.1 ±0.4	2.3 ±0.4	< 0.001
Peak gradient [mm Hg]	20.3 ±9.7	19.4 ±8.4	22.4 ±12.0	< 0.001
Mean gradient [mm Hg]	11.3 ±5.8	10.9 ±5.5	12.2 ±6.4	< 0.001
Moderate/severe aortic insufficiency:	14/1577 (0.9)	6/1109 (0.5)	8/468 (1.7)	0.036
SAPIEN/SAPIEN XT	12/1301 (0.9)	5/886 (0.6)	7/415 (1.7)	0.062
ACURATE	2/276 (0.7)	1/223 (0.4)	1/53 (1.9)	0.348

TA – transapical, TF – transfemoral

Post-procedural efficacy

Compared to the TF group, the TA group had a lower post-TAVI Vmax (2.1 ±0.4 vs. 2.3 ±0.4 m/s, p < 0.001), peak AV gradient (19.4 ±8.4 vs. 22.4 ±12.0 mm Hg, p < 0.001), and mean AV gradient (10.9 ±5.5 vs. 12.2 ±6.4 mm Hg, p < 0.001) (Tab. II, Fig. 2). There was also a lower frequency of moderate/severe aortic insufficiency in the TA group (0.5% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.036), independent of valve type.

Fig. 2

Transvalvular pressure gradients at baseline and follow-up

30-day outcomes

At 30 days after TAVI, a total of 59 patients (TA: 38 (3.3%) patients; TF: 21 (4.2%) patients) had been lost to follow-up. For the remaining patients, 30-day mortality rates were higher in the TA compared to TF group (3.9% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.036) (Tab. III), with a higher proportion of cardiovascular death in the TA group (1.9% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.113). Stroke/TIA or PPI rates did not differ (2.0% and 9.1% overall, respectively).

Tab. III

30-day outcomes

Parameter	n/N (%)			P-value
	Total (n = 1585)	TA (n = 1102)	TF (n = 483)
Mortality:	52/1585 (3.3)	43/1102 (3.9)	9/483 (1.9)	0.036
Cardiovascular mortality	25/1585 (1.6)	21/1102 (1.9)	4/483 (0.8)	0.113
Non-cardiovascular mortality	22/1585 (1.4)	17/1102 (1.5)	5/483 (1.0)	0.427
Unknown	5/1585 (0.3)	5/1102 (0.5)	0/483 (0)	0.331
Stroke/transient ischemic attack	32/1585 (2.0)	21/1102 (1.9)	11/483 (2.3)	0.628
Permanent pacemaker:	144/1585 (9.1)	92/1102 (8.3)	52/483 (10.8)	0.123
SAPIEN/SAPIEN XT	124/1307 (9.5)	76/878 (8.7)	48/429 (11.2)
ACURATE	20/278 (7.2)	16/224 (7.1)	4/54 (7.4)

TA – transapical, TF – transfemoral

Long-term functional status

The proportion of patients in NYHA class III/IV fell considerably between baseline and 30-day follow-up, with a greater decrease in the TF compared to TA group (–68.3% and –50.0%, respectively) (Fig. 3). From 6 months onwards, very little change was seen in NYHA class.

Fig. 3

Long-term changes in NYHA class

NYHA – New York Heart Association

Long-term survival

Survival rates remained higher in the TF compared to TA group at all follow-up points up to 5 years (Fig. 4 A). This remained consistent when patients were stratified by the time period in which TAVI was carried out.

Fig. 4

Long-term survival. A – Kaplan-Meier survival for TA and TF groups. B – Kaplan-Meier survival curves for TA and TF groups, stratified by procedural time period. Curve flattening represents missing values. Patients who underwent TAVI < 1 year before manuscript preparation (4th quartile) were excluded

TA – transapical, TF – transfemoral

Increased survival rates were observed in patients who underwent the procedure more recently, irrespective of access route (p = 0.007) (Fig. 4 B). Survival at 2 years was 2.7% and 4.7% higher in patients who underwent TA and TF-TAVI, respectively, between 2012 and 2014 compared to those who underwent the procedure between 2008 and 2012.

Discussion

The Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre has a high TAVI volume and takes a “best for TF” approach to access route selection. TA-TAVI was performed much more frequently than TF-TAVI at our site, with TA patients typically more comorbid and at a higher surgical risk. Accordingly, a higher rate of mortality was seen in the TA group, despite comparable rates of peri-procedural outcomes. While our trends regarding access route comparisons are generally in line with multicenter registries (Tab. IV), the magnitudes of mortality and complication rates appear to be consistently lower. This suggests a possible clinical advantage of the “best for TF” approach at a high-volume, specialist site.

Tab. IV

Present outcomes compared to large multicenter registries

Study	Current study		Source [16, 20]		UK TAVI [14][a]		PRAGMATIC [13]		SENTINEL [15, 27]		SWISS TAVI [17][b]
Access decision approach	Best for TF		HT decision		TF-first		TF-first		NR (TF-first implied)		HT decision (TF-first implied)
Centers	1 German		34 European		30 UK		4 European		137 European		8 Swiss
Patients included	1646		1038		795		882		4571		697
Timescale of implantation	2008–2015		2007–2009		2007–2010		Start of TAVI – 2011		2011–2012		2011–2013
Parameter	TA	TF	TA	TF	TA	TF	TA	TF	TA	TF	TA	TF
Procedures (%)	69.4	30.6	55.4	44.6	51.3	48.6	10.1	89.9	16.4	74.2	18.1	79.1
Baseline characteristics:
Age [years]	80.9	81.4	81.7	81.7	81.8	82.2	81.2	81.2	NR	NR	81.6	82.6
Female (%)	49.1	65.9	56.0	55.2	47.1	49.1	42.7	47.2	62.4	46.5	47.8	52.4
Hypertension (%)	95.5	91.7	NR	NR	NR	NR	79.8	67.6	NR	NR	86.2	81.4
CAD (%)	63.7	44.2	56.0	47.4	55.1	47.5	61.8	43.5	23.3	18.8	69.6	52.6
COPD (%)	20.1	20.2	29.4	25.4[c]	27.2[c]	26.6[c]	37.1	32.4	22.3	25.3	18.1	15.0
History of stroke (%)	17.7	11.1	NR	NR	NR	NR	20.2	15.3	NR	NR	12.3	11.8
History of MI (%)	18.7	13.5	NR	NR	19.9	20.9	15.7	16.3	22.1	15.4	15.9	14.8
Prior cardiac surgery (%)	30.6	12.1	26.9[d]	17.6[d]	40.0	20.9	39.3[d]	21.1[d]	30.2	16.2	24.6	12.5
Renal insufficiency (%)	59.3	51.7	32.9	26.3	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Dialysis (%)	3.3	2.5	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	7.5	6.1	NR	NR
LVEF (%)	53.0	54.6	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	52.4	54.2
Log EuroSCORE (%)	25.6	21.2	29.1	25.7	22.5	17.7	27.0	20.0	22.2	19.6	22.5	19.6
Periprocedural data:
Mortality (%)	0.3	0.4	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	12.8[g]	5.9[g]	NR	NR
Post-dilation (%)	17.1	17.3	NR	NR	NR	NR	10.1	12.6	NR	NR	NR	NR
Second valve (%)	1.0	0	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	2.2	2.6	NR	NR
Conversion to open surgery (%)	0.6	0.6	3.5	1.7	NR	NR	NR	NR	3.2	4.7	NR	NR
Major vascular complications (%)	1.8	2.4	2.4[e]	10.6[e]	2.2[f]	9.0[f]	5.6[g]	11.2[g]	2.2	2.9	0.0[e,f]	8.1[e,f]
30-day outcomes:
Mortality (%)	3.9	1.9	10.3	6.3	11.2	4.4	15.7	6.4	NR	NR	9.5	3.6
CV mortality (%)	1.9	0.8	NR	NR	NR	NR	12.4	5.7	NR	NR	9.5	3.6
Stroke/TIA (%)	1.9	2.3	2.6[h]	2.4[h]	3.4[h]	3.3[h]	2.2	3.3	NR	NR	3.7	3.6
PPI (%)	8.3	10.8	7.3	6.7	7.4	6.7	15.7	15.7	NR	NR	10.5	22.9
1-year survival (%)	77.5[i]	88.2[i]	72.1	81.1	71.3	81.9	68.0	83.0	NR	NR	NR	NR
2-year survival (%)	68.6[i]	79.4[i]	NR	NR	44.0	56.5	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR

CAD – coronary artery disease, COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CV – cardiovascular, HT – heart team, LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction, MI – myocardial infarction, NR – not reported, PPI – permanent pacemaker implantation, TA – transapical, TF – transfemoral, TIA – transient ischemic attack.

Data for SAPIEN valve only.

Access groups are actually vascular (TF/subclavian) vs. surgical (TA/transaortic), but only 2.8% underwent TAVI via non-TA/TF routes.

Pulmonary disease (not specifically COPD).

CABG only.

30-day rate.

Access site complications only.

Includes in-hospital rate.

Stroke only (no TIA).

2008–2012 quartile only.

Patient selection based on the “best for TF” approach

Consistent with the literature, significantly higher comorbidity and surgical risk were observed in the TA group [1, 5, 9–17]. However, while other registries have typically reported history of MI and male gender to be evenly distributed between TA and TF groups [13, 14, 17], both were significantly more frequent in the TA group in our study. Given that males have a higher risk of MI than women [18, 19], it is unsurprising that the two go hand in hand. In an earlier study using the “best for TF” approach, a similar difference in gender distribution was seen (TA: 46% male; TF: 34% male; p = 0.01) [7]. This may suggest that female peripheral vasculature is more compatible with TF access.

Approximately two-thirds of our patients underwent TA-TAVI, with only a third undergoing TF-TAVI. This is expected based on the “best for TF” approach, and reflects the smaller proportion of patients with “ideal” anatomy for TF-TAVI. Unsurprisingly, the majority of multicenter registries using the TF-first approach have reported the opposite trend [13, 15, 17]. Newer delivery devices have much smaller diameters than those used throughout the greater part of the data collection period. This will lead to increasingly higher proportions of patients satisfying the “best for TF” criteria, with a corresponding decrease in use of TA access.

In most large, multicenter registries, vascular complications occurred at a much higher rate in TF than TA patients, with the difference ranging from 5.6% to 8.2% [13, 14, 16, 17]. Although a greater proportion of patients in our TF group experienced major vascular complications compared to the TA group, the difference was comparatively small (0.6%). This appears to be driven by the low rate of major vascular complications in the TF group, which was nearly a quarter of that reported by the UK TAVI registry (9.0%) [14]. A possible explanation is the greater compatibility between delivery devices and access vessel anatomy in TF-TAVI patients identified using the “best for TF” approach. However, differences in data collection periods and development of delivery devices over time should also be taken into account. Indeed, the more recent SENTINEL registry (2011–2012) reported very similar major vascular complication rates to the present study (TA: 2.2%; TF: 2.9%; p = 0.26) [15], with the low rate in the TF group attributed to improvements in operator skill and the availability of smaller catheters.

In the present study, only 0.6% of patients in either group required conversion to open surgery. This is extremely low when compared to rates reported by the SOURCE and SENTINEL registries (TA: 3.5% and 3.2%; TF: 1.7% and 4.7%, respectively) [15, 16]. Given that the SENTINEL study includes patients who underwent TAVI more recently, this is unlikely to be entirely due to time-dependent procedural and technological advancements. Furthermore, the SOURCE registry did not specifically employ a TF-first approach, relying instead on unbiased Heart Team assessment that resulted in 55.4% of procedures being performed via the TA route. This indicates that the approach to access selection is also unlikely to be responsible. We may therefore speculate that the high volume of TAVI patients at the Bad Rothenfelde Heart Centre allowed for a higher degree of procedural familiarity and skill in the operative team, contributing to an extremely low rate of surgical conversion.

The 30-day mortality rate in the TA group was approximately double that of the TF group (3.9% vs. 1.9%, respectively). This ratio is consistent with findings from multicenter registries [13, 14, 16, 17], and is unsurprising, given the differences in baseline surgical risk. Indeed, when stratified by surgical risk scores, 30-day mortality rates were not significantly different between TA and TF patients. This lends support to the idea that early mortality in TAVI is principally associated with comorbidity.

The 30-day mortality rates in the present study were strikingly lower than those reported by the SOURCE, UK TAVI, PRAGMATIC and SWISS TAVI multicenter trials, which range from 9.5% to 15.7% for TA-TAVI and 3.6% to 6.4% for TF-TAVI [13, 14, 16, 17]. Furthermore, while multicenter registries that specify cause of death report almost all cases to be cardiovascular-related [13, 17], only half of our deaths at 30 days were of cardiovascular origin, regardless of access route. Considering that baseline values were similar across studies, patient factors are unlikely to be responsible for these differences. One explanation is the evolution of TAVI over time, which has resulted in improvements in valves and delivery devices and refinement of technique, alongside increasing operator experience [20-22]. These have been shown to translate into improvements in clinical parameters [23, 24]. Consequently, we may expect patients enrolled during the latter portion of the study to have better outcomes than those enrolled early on, perhaps “diluting” 30-day mortality. However, a single-center TAVI registry spanning from 2008 to 2014 recently reported 30-day rates of 6.9% [25]. This is still relatively high, especially considering that the mean baseline EuroSCORE was only 14% (compared to 24.2% in the present study). Importantly, the study was carried out at a low-volume center, enrolling only 101 consecutive TAVI patients over nearly 4 years. This supports the argument for TAVI to be performed in experienced, high-volume centers, which may allow early recognition and intervention in situations known to result in mortality.

In our study, 30-day stroke/TIA rates were low and comparable between TA and TF groups (1.9% and 2.3%, respectively). Multicenter registries employing the TF-first approach have typically reported slightly higher rates, ranging from 2.2% to 3.7% for TA patients and 3.3 to 3.6% for TF patients [13–15, 17]. This suggests that a high level of center expertise and the “best for TF” approach combined may reduce stroke/TIA rates in TAVI. This appears to be particularly true for TF-TAVI patients, likely due to the more rigorous selection process. However, rates of PPI were similar between groups in the present study, with medium values compared to those reported by multicenter registries [13-17]. Thus, PPI may not be influenced by center volume or access decision approach.

A higher rate of cumulative survival in the TF compared to the TA group was seen at all follow-up points up to 5 years. This trend has also been noted across multicenter clinical trials [13, 14, 26], and likely reflects the generally greater degree of comorbidity in the TA patients. However, contemporary long-term survival data from multicenter TAVI registries are scarce, with the most recent findings reported for a population undergoing TAVI before 2012 [13]. Considering the global shift towards TAVI for lower-risk patients, advances in valve design, and procedural refinement, it is more appropriate to compare published survival rates to those of the earliest (2008–2012) quartile in the present study. While SOURCE, UK TAVI, and PRAGMATIC registries have reported 1-year survival rates ranging from 68.0% to 72.1% for TA-TAVI and 81.1% to 83.0% for TF-TAVI [13, 14, 26], rates for our earliest quartile were somewhat higher (77.5% and 88.2%, respectively). Again, this may be due to more appropriate treatment and aftercare available from a highly experienced center.

Limitations

The main limitation of the present study was the lack of randomization, leading to an imbalance in baseline characteristics between groups. However, this reflects real-world clinical practice at our center at the time the registry data were collected, and allows the characterization of two distinct patient populations. Considering that TAVI has evolved rapidly over time, resulting in improved outcomes, comparing our data with those from older multicenter registries is problematic. Similarly, currently available delivery systems have smaller diameters than those used during the majority of the study. This will result in many more patients displaying the “ideal” characteristics for the TF approach, resulting in decreasing use of the TA approach. Performing TA-TAVI at high-volume centers then becomes even more important, as experience with the technique declines.

Conclusions

Despite the “best for TF” approach resulting in considerably lower proportions of TF and higher proportions of TA patients, the resulting group characteristics were not dissimilar to registries employing other approaches to access route selection. However, outcomes in both groups appeared nominally superior, particularly in terms of vascular complications and mortality. This is likely due to a combination of the expertise that accompanies a high-volume TAVI center, the “best for TF” approach to access route decision resulting in more appropriate patient selection, and improvements in TAVI over time. These data support the case for further evaluation of the “best for TF” approach, and suggest that clinical outcomes may be improved by the allocation of TAVI patients to specialist, experienced centers.