Longitudinal Loneliness and Its Risk Factors among Older People in England.

This study involved the longitudinal trajectories of loneliness with aging and models the effects of relevant risk factors. Data came from the second to the sixth waves (2004/5 - 2012/13) of the English Longitudinal Studies of Ageing (ELSA). Respondents who participated in at least two waves and offered valid responses to the UCLA three-item loneliness scale were included (baseline n = 9,171). Although statistics describing the inter-wave changes confirmed the longitudinal stability of loneliness among older people, serious attention should be paid to the small percentage of older people who are "longitudinally lonely". Self-reported health and relations with spouse and children were significant risk factors, and it was the change of closeness to spouse rather than the loss of spouse that most affected the change of loneliness scores. Future research should aim to identify personal and social events that make older people lonely over a long period of time.