Kelsey R Florek1, Luiza M Campos1, Katarina M Braun1, Huong Q McLean2, Jennifer P King2, Brendan Flannery3, Edward A Belongia4, Thomas C Friedrich5. 1. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA. 2. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield 54449, WI, USA. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta 30333, GA, USA. 4. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield 54449, WI, USA. Electronic address: belongia.edward@marshfieldclinic.org. 5. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA. Electronic address: thomasf@primate.wisc.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination may provide a "back-boost" to antibodies against previously encountered strains. If the back-boost effect is common, this could allow more aggressive vaccine updates, as emerging variants would be expected to both elicit de-novo responses and boost pre-existing responses against recently circulating strains. Here we used the emergence of an antigenically novel A(H3N2) strain to determine whether an antigenically updated vaccine boosted antibodies against historical strains. METHODS: We performed hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays on pre- and post-vaccination sera from 124 children 5-17 years old who received 2015-2016 inactivated influenza vaccine, containing an antigenically updated A(H3N2) strain. We evaluated the mean fold increase in HI titer against both the 2015-2016 vaccine strain and representative strains from two prior antigenic clusters. Factors associated with post-vaccination titers against historical strains were evaluated using linear regression, adjusting for baseline titer. RESULTS: Geometric mean titers against each antigen examined increased significantly after vaccination (P < .0001). Mean fold increase was 3.29 against the vaccine strain and 1.22-1.46 against historical strains. Response to vaccine strain was associated with increased post-vaccination titers against historical strains. CONCLUSIONS: A vaccine containing an antigenically novel A(H3N2) strain modestly boosted antibody responses against historical influenza strains in children.
BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination may provide a "back-boost" to antibodies against previously encountered strains. If the back-boost effect is common, this could allow more aggressive vaccine updates, as emerging variants would be expected to both elicit de-novo responses and boost pre-existing responses against recently circulating strains. Here we used the emergence of an antigenically novel A(H3N2) strain to determine whether an antigenically updated vaccine boosted antibodies against historical strains. METHODS: We performed hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays on pre- and post-vaccination sera from 124 children 5-17 years old who received 2015-2016 inactivated influenza vaccine, containing an antigenically updated A(H3N2) strain. We evaluated the mean fold increase in HI titer against both the 2015-2016 vaccine strain and representative strains from two prior antigenic clusters. Factors associated with post-vaccination titers against historical strains were evaluated using linear regression, adjusting for baseline titer. RESULTS: Geometric mean titers against each antigen examined increased significantly after vaccination (P < .0001). Mean fold increase was 3.29 against the vaccine strain and 1.22-1.46 against historical strains. Response to vaccine strain was associated with increased post-vaccination titers against historical strains. CONCLUSIONS: A vaccine containing an antigenically novel A(H3N2) strain modestly boosted antibody responses against historical influenza strains in children.
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