Joshua Seth Eaton1,2, Paul E Miller1,3, Ellison Bentley1,3, Sara M Thomasy1,2, Christopher J Murphy1,2,4. 1. 1 Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD) , LLC, Madison, Wisconsin. 2. 2 Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis , Davis, California. 3. 3 Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin. 4. 4 Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis , Sacramento, California.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To present a semiquantitative ocular scoring system comprising elements and criteria that address many of the limitations associated with systems commonly used in preclinical studies, providing enhanced cross-species applicability and predictive value in modern ocular drug and device development. METHODS: Revisions to the ocular scoring systems of McDonald-Shadduck and Hackett-McDonald were conducted by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists at Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD) over the execution of hundreds of in vivo preclinical ocular drug and device development studies and general toxicological investigations. This semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS) system was driven by limitations of previously published systems identified by our group's recent review of slit lamp-based scoring systems in clinical ophthalmology, toxicology, and vision science. RESULTS: The SPOTS system provides scoring criteria for the anterior segment, posterior segment, and characterization of intravitreal test articles. Key elements include: standardized slit lamp settings; expansion of criteria to enhance applicability to nonrabbit species; refinement and disambiguation of scoring criteria for corneal opacity, fluorescein staining severity, and aqueous flare; introduction of novel criteria for scoring of aqueous and anterior vitreous cell; and introduction of criteria for findings observed with drugs/devices targeting the posterior segment. A modified Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) system is also introduced to facilitate accurate use of SUN's criteria in laboratory species. CONCLUSIONS: The SPOTS systems provide criteria that stand to enhance the applicability of semiquantitative scoring criteria to the full range of laboratory species, in the context of modern approaches to ocular therapeutics and drug delivery and drug and device development.
PURPOSE: To present a semiquantitative ocular scoring system comprising elements and criteria that address many of the limitations associated with systems commonly used in preclinical studies, providing enhanced cross-species applicability and predictive value in modern ocular drug and device development. METHODS: Revisions to the ocular scoring systems of McDonald-Shadduck and Hackett-McDonald were conducted by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists at Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD) over the execution of hundreds of in vivo preclinical ocular drug and device development studies and general toxicological investigations. This semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS) system was driven by limitations of previously published systems identified by our group's recent review of slit lamp-based scoring systems in clinical ophthalmology, toxicology, and vision science. RESULTS: The SPOTS system provides scoring criteria for the anterior segment, posterior segment, and characterization of intravitreal test articles. Key elements include: standardized slit lamp settings; expansion of criteria to enhance applicability to nonrabbit species; refinement and disambiguation of scoring criteria for corneal opacity, fluorescein staining severity, and aqueous flare; introduction of novel criteria for scoring of aqueous and anterior vitreous cell; and introduction of criteria for findings observed with drugs/devices targeting the posterior segment. A modified Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) system is also introduced to facilitate accurate use of SUN's criteria in laboratory species. CONCLUSIONS: The SPOTS systems provide criteria that stand to enhance the applicability of semiquantitative scoring criteria to the full range of laboratory species, in the context of modern approaches to ocular therapeutics and drug delivery and drug and device development.
Authors: Brian C Leonard; Kathleen A Stewart; Gillian C Shaw; Alyssa L Hoehn; Amelia A Stanley; Christopher J Murphy; Sara M Thomasy Journal: Cornea Date: 2019-12 Impact factor: 2.651
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Authors: M Isabel Casanova; Rui Chen; Laura M Garzel; Katherine J Olstad; Soohyun Kim; Ronald Alan Harris; Yumei Li; Muthuswamy Raveendran; Qingnan Liang; Jun Wang; Glenn Yiu; John Timothy Stout; Jeffrey A Roberts; Jeffrey Rogers; Ala Moshiri; Sara M Thomasy Journal: J Med Primatol Date: 2021-12-12 Impact factor: 0.667
Authors: Soohyun Kim; Brooke Gates; Brian C Leonard; Megan Gragg; Kent E Pinkerton; Laura Van Winkle; Christopher J Murphy; Georgios Pyrgiotakis; Zhenyuan Zhang; Philip Demokritou; Sara M Thomasy Journal: NanoImpact Date: 2019-12-06
Authors: VijayKrishna Raghunathan; Sydney Garrison Edwards; Brian C Leonard; Soohyun Kim; Alexander T Evashenk; Yeonju Song; Eva Rewinski; Ariana Marangakis Price; Alyssa Hoehn; Connor Chang; Christopher M Reilly; Santoshi Muppala; Christopher J Murphy; Sara M Thomasy Journal: Exp Eye Res Date: 2020-11-18 Impact factor: 3.467
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