Hemant Mahajan1, Jina Choo2, Kamal Masaki3, Akira Fujiyoshi4, Jingchuan Guo5, Takashi Hisamatsu6, Rhobert Evans5, Siyi Shangguan7, Bradley Willcox3, Tomonori Okamura8, Abhishek Vishnu5, Emma Barinas-Mitchell5, Vasudha Ahuja5, Katsuyuki Miura4, Lewis Kuller5, Chol Shin9, Hirotsugu Ueshima4, Akira Sekikawa5. 1. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: hdm12@pitt.edu. 2. Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea. 3. Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. 4. Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan. 5. Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 6. Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan. 7. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 8. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. 9. Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea, University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Several studies have reported a significant inverse association of light to moderate alcohol consumption with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, studies assessing the relationship between alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis have reported inconsistent results. The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and aortic calcification. METHODS: We addressed the research question using data from the population-based ERA-JUMP Study, comprising of 1006 healthy men aged 40-49 years, without clinical cardiovascular diseases, from four race/ethnicities: 301 Whites, 103 African American, 292 Japanese American, and 310 Japanese in Japan. Aortic calcification was assessed by electron-beam computed tomography and quantified using the Agatston method. Alcohol consumption was categorized into four groups: 0 (non-drinkers), ≤1 (light drinkers), >1 to ≤3 (moderate drinkers) and >3 drinks per day (heavy drinkers) (1 drink = 12.5 g of ethanol). Tobit conditional regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to investigate the association of alcohol consumption with aortic calcification after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and potential confounders. RESULTS: The study participants consisted of 25.6% nondrinkers, 35.3% light drinkers, 23.5% moderate drinkers, and 15.6% heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers [Tobit ratio (95% CI) = 2.34 (1.10, 4.97); odds ratio (95% CI) = 1.67 (1.11, 2.52)] had significantly higher expected aortic calcification score compared to nondrinkers, after adjusting for socio-demographic and confounding variables. There was no significant interaction between alcohol consumption and race/ethnicity on aortic calcification. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that heavy alcohol consumption may be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Several studies have reported a significant inverse association of light to moderate alcohol consumption with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, studies assessing the relationship between alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis have reported inconsistent results. The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and aortic calcification. METHODS: We addressed the research question using data from the population-based ERA-JUMP Study, comprising of 1006 healthy men aged 40-49 years, without clinical cardiovascular diseases, from four race/ethnicities: 301 Whites, 103 African American, 292 Japanese American, and 310 Japanese in Japan. Aortic calcification was assessed by electron-beam computed tomography and quantified using the Agatston method. Alcohol consumption was categorized into four groups: 0 (non-drinkers), ≤1 (light drinkers), >1 to ≤3 (moderate drinkers) and >3 drinks per day (heavy drinkers) (1 drink = 12.5 g of ethanol). Tobit conditional regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to investigate the association of alcohol consumption with aortic calcification after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and potential confounders. RESULTS: The study participants consisted of 25.6% nondrinkers, 35.3% light drinkers, 23.5% moderate drinkers, and 15.6% heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers [Tobit ratio (95% CI) = 2.34 (1.10, 4.97); odds ratio (95% CI) = 1.67 (1.11, 2.52)] had significantly higher expected aortic calcification score compared to nondrinkers, after adjusting for socio-demographic and confounding variables. There was no significant interaction between alcohol consumption and race/ethnicity on aortic calcification. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that heavy alcohol consumption may be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.
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