| Literature DB >> 29093602 |
Veronika Guenther1, Ibrahim Alkatout1, Wiebe Junkers2, Dirk Bauerschlag1, Nicolai Maass1, Soeren von Otte2.
Abstract
Many premenopausal patients who develop breast cancer have not yet completed their family planning, so measures of fertility protection to preserve their fertile potential would be beneficial. Polychemotherapy causes irreversible damage to the ovarian follicles - irrespective of whether in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting - and this can sometimes result in permanent infertility. Depending on which cytostatic agents are used and on the age-related ovarian reserve of the woman, gonadotoxic risk must be classified as low, moderate or high. Options of fertility preservation include: a) cryopreservation of fertilised or unfertilised oocytes. After ovarian hyperstimulation, mature oocytes are retrieved by transvaginal follicle aspiration, after which they are cryopreserved, either unfertilised or on completion of IVF or ICSI treatment. During b) cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, about 50% of the ovarian cortex of one ovary is resected with the aid of a laparoscopic procedure and cryopreserved. The application of c) GnRH agonists as a medicinal therapy option is an attempt at endocrine ovarian suppression in order to protect oocytes, granulosa cells and theca cells from the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy.Entities:
Keywords: GnRH agonist; breast cancer; cryopreservation; fertility preservation; oocytes; ovarian tissue
Year: 2017 PMID: 29093602 PMCID: PMC5658233 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-119543
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Amenorrhoea rates after chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with breast cancer, overview, taken from 13 .
| Age (years) | Chemotherapy | Amenorrhoea rate (%) |
|---|---|---|
| A = doxorubicin; C = cyclophosphamide; E = epirubicin; F = 5-fluorouracil; M = methotrexate | ||
| > 40 | 6 × CMF, 6 × FEC, 6 × FAC | > 80 (high risk) |
| < 40 | EC (dose dense) | |
| 30 – 39 | 6 × CMF, 6 × FEC, 6 × FAC | 20 – 80 (moderate risk) |
| > 40 | 4 × AC | |
| < 30 | 6 × CMF, 6 × FEC, 6 × FAC | < 20 (low risk) |
| < 40 | 4 × AC | |
Table 2 Amenorrhoea rates after chemotherapy in premenopausal patients with breast cancer, selected studies 14 , 15 , 16 .
| Chemotherapy | Age (years) | Number of patients | Amenorrhoea rate (%) | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC = epirubicin, cyclophosphamide; Pac = paclitaxel; Doc = docetaxel; TAC = docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide; FAC = 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide | ||||
| EC/Pac | mean age: 42 | n = 80 | 46.6 | Zhou, 2012 |
| EC/Doc | < 35 | n = 166 | 15 | Fornier, 2005 |
| TAC | premenopausal | n = 109 | 57.7 | Martin, 2005 |
| FAC | premenopausal | n = 409 | 52 | Martin, 2005 |
Table 3 Fertility preservation options in female patients with breast cancer 59 .
| Measure | Experimental vs. standard procedure | Ovarian stimulation (OS) required | Delayed start of chemotherapy | Surgical intervention | Preservation of ovarian function (OF) | Available in all centres | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFC = antral follicle count; CT = chemotherapy; GnRH analogues = gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues; OF = ovarian function; OS = ovarian stimulation | |||||||
| Cryopreservation of unfertilised oocytes | standard | yes | yes | yes | no | no | Duration of OS: 10 – 14 days |
| Cryopreservation of fertilised oocytes | standard | yes | yes | yes | no | no | Partner required |
| In-vitro maturation | experimental | no | no | yes | no | no | High AFC required, high costs, laborious procedure, practically no laboratory is currently offering this procedure |
| Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue | experimental | no | no | yes | yes | no | Not to be recommended at an advanced tumour stage, risk of micrometastases, no long-term data regarding OF |
| Ovarian suppression by GnRH analogues | experimental | no | no | no | yes | yes | Simple, favourable therapy, application before and during CT, few long-term data with regard to resumption and preservation of OF |
Tab. 1 Amenorrhöraten nach Chemotherapie bei prämenopausalen Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom, Übersicht, nach 13 .
| Alter (Jahre) | Chemotherapie | Amenorrhörate (%) |
|---|---|---|
| A = Doxorubicin; C = Cyclophosphamid; E = Epirubicin; F = 5-Fluoruracil; M = Methotrexat | ||
| > 40 | 6 × CMF, 6 × FEC, 6 × FAC | > 80 (hohes Risiko) |
| < 40 | EC (dosisdicht) | |
| 30 – 39 | 6 × CMF, 6 × FEC, 6 × FAC | 20 – 80 (mittleres Risiko) |
| > 40 | 4 × AC | |
| < 30 | 6 × CMF, 6 × FEC, 6 × FAC | < 20 (niedriges Risiko) |
| < 40 | 4 × AC | |
Tab. 2 Amenorrhöraten nach Chemotherapie bei prämenopausalen Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom, ausgewählte Studien 14 , 15 , 16 .
| Chemotherapie | Alter (Jahre) | Anzahl Patientinnen | Amenorrhörate (%) | Studie |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC = Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamid; Pac = Paclitaxel; Doc = Docetaxel; TAC = Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamid; FAC = 5-Fluoruracil, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamid | ||||
| EC/Pac | mittleres Alter: 42 | n = 80 | 46,6 | Zhou, 2012 |
| EC/Doc | < 35 | n = 166 | 15 | Fornier, 2005 |
| TAC | prämenopausal | n = 109 | 57,7 | Martin, 2005 |
| FAC | prämenopausal | n = 409 | 52 | Martin, 2005 |
Tab. 3 Möglichkeiten des Fertilitätserhalts bei Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom 59 .
| Maßnahme | experimentelles vs. Standardverfahren | ovarielle Stimulation (OS) erforderlich | verzögerter Beginn der Chemotherapie | chirurgische Intervention | Erhalt der ovariellen Funktion (OF) | in allen Zentren verfügbar | Anmerkungen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFC = antraler Follikelcount; CT = Chemotherapie; GnRH-Analoga = Gonadotropin-releasing Hormon Analoga; OF = ovarielle Funktion; OS = ovarielle Stimulation | |||||||
| Kryokonsvervierung von unfertilisierten Oozyten | Standard | ja | ja | ja | nein | nein | Dauer der OS: 10 – 14 Tage |
| Kryokonservierung von fertilisierten Oozyten | Standard | ja | ja | ja | nein | nein | Partner erforderlich |
| In-vitro-Maturation | experimentell | nein | nein | ja | nein | nein | hoher AFC notwendig, hohe Kosten, aufwendiges Verfahren, wird bislang in fast keinem Labor angeboten |
| Kryokonservierung von Ovarialgewebe | experimentell | nein | nein | ja | ja | nein | nicht zu empfehlen bei fortgeschrittenem Tumorstadium, Risiko Mikrometastasen, keine Langzeitdaten bez. der OF |
| ovarielle Suppression durch GnRH-Analoga | experimentell | nein | nein | nein | ja | ja | einfache, günstige Therapie, Anwendung vor und während der CT, wenig Langzeitdaten bez. der Wiederaufnahme und dem Erhalt der OF |