Ehud Elnekave1, Samuel Hong1, Alison E Mather2, Dave Boxrud3, Angela J Taylor3, Victoria Lappi3, Timothy J Johnson4, Fabio Vannucci5, Peter Davies1, Craig Hedberg6, Andres Perez1, Julio Alvarez1. 1. Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul. 2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. 3. Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul. 4. Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul. 5. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul. 6. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Abstract
Background: Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, a worldwide emerging pathogen that causes many food-borne outbreaks mostly attributed to pig and pig products, is expanding in the United States. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was applied to conduct multiple comparisons of 659 S. 4,[5],12:i:- and 325 Salmonella Typhimurium from different sources and locations (ie, the United States and Europe) to assess their genetic heterogeneity, with a focus on strains recovered from swine in the US Midwest. In addition, the presence of resistance genes and other virulence factors was detected and the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of 50 and 22 isolates of livestock and human origin, respectively, was determined. Results: The S. 4,5,12:i:- strains formed two main clades regardless of their source and geographic origin. Most (84%) of the US isolates recovered in 2014-2016, including those (48 of 51) recovered from swine in the US Midwest, were part of an emerging clade. In this clade, multiple genotypic resistance determinants were predominant, including resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Phenotypic resistance to enrofloxacin (11 of 50) and ceftiofur (9 of 50) was found in conjunction with the presence of plasmid-mediated resistance genes (qnrB19/qnrB2/qnrS1 and blaCMY-2/blaSHV-12, respectively). Higher similarity was also found between S. 4,[5],12:i:- from the emerging clade and S. Typhimurium from Europe than with S. Typhimurium from the United States. Conclusions: Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- currently circulating in swine in the US Midwest are likely to be part of an emerging multidrug-resistant clade first reported in Europe, and can carry plasmid-mediated resistance genes that may be transmitted horizontally to other bacteria, and thus may represent a public health concern.
Background: Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, a worldwide emerging pathogen that causes many food-borne outbreaks mostly attributed to pig and pig products, is expanding in the United States. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was applied to conduct multiple comparisons of 659 S. 4,[5],12:i:- and 325 Salmonella Typhimurium from different sources and locations (ie, the United States and Europe) to assess their genetic heterogeneity, with a focus on strains recovered from swine in the US Midwest. In addition, the presence of resistance genes and other virulence factors was detected and the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of 50 and 22 isolates of livestock and human origin, respectively, was determined. Results: The S. 4,5,12:i:- strains formed two main clades regardless of their source and geographic origin. Most (84%) of the US isolates recovered in 2014-2016, including those (48 of 51) recovered from swine in the US Midwest, were part of an emerging clade. In this clade, multiple genotypic resistance determinants were predominant, including resistance against ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Phenotypic resistance to enrofloxacin (11 of 50) and ceftiofur (9 of 50) was found in conjunction with the presence of plasmid-mediated resistance genes (qnrB19/qnrB2/qnrS1 and blaCMY-2/blaSHV-12, respectively). Higher similarity was also found between S. 4,[5],12:i:- from the emerging clade and S. Typhimurium from Europe than with S. Typhimurium from the United States. Conclusions: Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- currently circulating in swine in the US Midwest are likely to be part of an emerging multidrug-resistant clade first reported in Europe, and can carry plasmid-mediated resistance genes that may be transmitted horizontally to other bacteria, and thus may represent a public health concern.
Authors: Ehud Elnekave; Samuel L Hong; Seunghyun Lim; Shivdeep S Hayer; Dave Boxrud; Angela J Taylor; Victoria Lappi; Noelle Noyes; Timothy J Johnson; Albert Rovira; Peter Davies; Andres Perez; Julio Alvarez Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother Date: 2019-03-27 Impact factor: 5.191
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