Ubiquitin-Modifying Enzymes and Regulation of the Inflammasome.

Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-modifying enzymes play critical roles in a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammatory signaling cascades downstream of TNF, TLR agonists, antigen receptor cross-linking, and cytokine receptors, all rely on ubiquitination events to direct subsequent immune responses. In the past several years, inflammasome activation and subsequent signal transduction have emerged as an excellent example of how ubiquitin signals control inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling complexes that ultimately lead to caspase activation and release of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, IL-1β and IL-18. Inflammasome activation is critical for the host's defense against pathogens, but dysregulation of inflammasomes may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Ultimately, understanding how various ubiquitin interacting proteins control inflammatory signaling cascades could provide new pathways for therapeutic intervention. Here we review specific ubiquitin-modifying enzymes and ubiquitination events that orchestrate inflammatory responses, with an emphasis on the NLRP3 inflammasome.