Taxonomy, phylogeny and ecology of cultivable fungi present in seawater gradients across the Northern Antarctica Peninsula.

Thirty-six seawater samples collected at different depths of the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed, and the average of the total fungal counts ranged from 0.3 to >300 colony forming units per liter (CFU/L) in density. The fungal were purified and identified as 15 taxa belonged to the genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cystobasidium, Exophiala, Glaciozyma, Graphium, Lecanicillium, Metschnikowia, Penicillium, Purpureocillium and Simplicillium. Penicillium chrysogenum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and Graphium rubrum were found at high densities in at least two different sites and depths. Our results show at the first time that in the seawater of Antarctic Ocean occur diverse fungal assemblages despite extreme conditions, which suggests the presence of a complex aquatic fungi food web, including species reported as barophiles, symbionts, weak and strong saprobes, parasites and pathogens, as well as those found in the polluted environments of the world. Additionally, some taxa were found in different sites, suggesting that the underwater current might contribute to fungal (and microbial) dispersal across the Antarctic Ocean, and nearby areas such as South America and Australia.