Nicola Imperatore1, Raffaella Tortora2,3, Anna Testa2, Nicolò Gerbino2, Nicola Caporaso2, Antonio Rispo2. 1. Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine "Federico II" of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. nicola.imperatore@alice.it. 2. Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine "Federico II" of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. 3. Hepatology Unit, AORN Cardarelli, Naples, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent research has shown that patients with coeliac disease (CD) are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) and hepatic steatosis (HS) after commencing a gluten-free diet (GFD). This study aimed to evaluate the predictive factors for MS and HS in CD after 1 year of GFD. METHODS: All consecutive newly diagnosed CD patients were enrolled. We prospectively collected data about BMI; waist circumference; blood pressure; cholesterol; triglycerides, glucose and insulin blood levels; insulin resistance (through the homeostatic model assessment HOMA-IR) and treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Diagnosis of MS was made in accordance with current guidelines and HS was diagnosed by ultrasonography. The prevalence of MS and HS was re-assessed after 1 year of GFD. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for MS and HS occurrence after 1 year of GFD. RESULTS: Of 301 patients with newly diagnosed CD, 4.3% met criteria for diagnosis of MS and 25.9% presented with HS at the time of CD diagnosis; 99 subjects (32.8%) had long-term exposure to PPI during the study period. After 1 year, 72 (23.9%) patients had developed MS (4.3 vs 23.9%; p < 0.001, OR 6.9) and 112 (37.2%) had developed HS (25.9 vs 37.2%; p < 0.01, OR 1.69). At multivariate analysis, high BMI at diagnosis (OR 10.8; p < 0.001) and PPI exposure (OR 22.9; p < 0.001) were the only factors associated with the occurrence of MS; HOMA-IR (OR 9.7; p < 0.001) and PPI exposure (OR 9.2; p < 0.001) were the only factors associated with the occurrence of HS. CONCLUSIONS: PPI exposure adds further risk of occurrence of MS and HS for patients with CD on GFD. The use of PPI in patients with CD on GFD should be limited to strict indications.
BACKGROUND: Recent research has shown that patients with coeliac disease (CD) are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS) and hepatic steatosis (HS) after commencing a gluten-free diet (GFD). This study aimed to evaluate the predictive factors for MS and HS in CD after 1 year of GFD. METHODS: All consecutive newly diagnosed CDpatients were enrolled. We prospectively collected data about BMI; waist circumference; blood pressure; cholesterol; triglycerides, glucose and insulin blood levels; insulin resistance (through the homeostatic model assessment HOMA-IR) and treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Diagnosis of MS was made in accordance with current guidelines and HS was diagnosed by ultrasonography. The prevalence of MS and HS was re-assessed after 1 year of GFD. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for MS and HS occurrence after 1 year of GFD. RESULTS: Of 301 patients with newly diagnosed CD, 4.3% met criteria for diagnosis of MS and 25.9% presented with HS at the time of CD diagnosis; 99 subjects (32.8%) had long-term exposure to PPI during the study period. After 1 year, 72 (23.9%) patients had developed MS (4.3 vs 23.9%; p < 0.001, OR 6.9) and 112 (37.2%) had developed HS (25.9 vs 37.2%; p < 0.01, OR 1.69). At multivariate analysis, high BMI at diagnosis (OR 10.8; p < 0.001) and PPI exposure (OR 22.9; p < 0.001) were the only factors associated with the occurrence of MS; HOMA-IR (OR 9.7; p < 0.001) and PPI exposure (OR 9.2; p < 0.001) were the only factors associated with the occurrence of HS. CONCLUSIONS: PPI exposure adds further risk of occurrence of MS and HS for patients with CD on GFD. The use of PPI in patients with CD on GFD should be limited to strict indications.
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