Literature DB >> 28800124

UPLC-QTOF-MS Identification of the Chemical Constituents in Rat Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Rubia cordifolia L. Extract.

Zuoliang Zheng^1,2,3, Shengqing Li⁴, Yuping Zhong⁵, Ruoting Zhan^6,7, Yan Yan⁸, Huafeng Pan⁹, Ping Yan^10,11.

Abstract

An effective ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF/MS) method was developed for analysing the chemical constituents in rat plasma and urine after the oral administration of Rubia cordifolia L. extract. Under the optimized conditions, nine of 11 prototypes in rat plasma and four prototypes in urine were identified or characterized by comparing the retention time, accurate mass, fragmentation patterns, reference compounds, and literature data. In total, six metabolites, including alizarin-1-O-β-glucuronide, alizarin-2-O-β-glucuronide, alizarin-1-O-sulfation, alizarin-2-O-sulfation, purpurin-1-O-β-glucuronide, and purpurin-3-O-β-glucuronide, were identified in rat plasma, which were confirmed by lavaging standard solutions. Purpurin was found to be able to be transformed into alizarin based on the results in which alizarin was detected in rat plasma after the oral administration of a purpurin solution. In total, four metabolites were found in rat urine, but their chemical structures were not confirmed. The results indicate that the metabolic pathway of alizarin involves glucuronidation and sulfation, with the purpurins having undergone glucuronidation. The components absorbed into the blood, and the metabolites have the opportunity to become bioactive constituents. The experimental results would supply a helpful chemical basis for further research on the mechanism of actions of Rubia cordifolia L.

Entities: Chemical Disease Gene Species

Keywords: Rubia cordifolia L.; UPLC/Q-TOF-MS; alizarin; metabolites; purpurin

Mesh：

Substances：

Year: 2017 PMID： 28800124 PMCID： PMC6152264 DOI： 10.3390/molecules22081327

Source DB: PubMed Journal: Molecules ISSN： 1420-3049 Impact factor: 4.411

1. Introduction

Rubia cordifolia L. was officially listed in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis, contusions, menoxenia, and rheumatism in China, Japan, Korea, and India [1]. Many constituents, including anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, naphthodroquinones, triterpenes [2,3], and iridoids [4,5] were isolated and identified from the genus Rubia. To the best of our knowledge, different parts of Rubia cordifolia L. have different chemical compositions. However, ony the bioactive components that are detected in the blood could exert therapeutic effects and contribute to the quality of traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCMs) [6]. In the previous literature, several anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives were proven to exert different pharmacological activities [7], including antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, and anticancer activities [8,9,10,11,12]. Purpurin showed stronger antioxidant and better enzyme inhibitory effects than mollugin [13], which had a good reputation for its anti-carcinogenic and anti-viral activities [14]. In addition, pseudopurpurin could increase the bone mineral density and enhance the geometry of its architecture [15]. Rubiadin exhibits a potent hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats [16]. The research on drug bioactivities is based on the drug metabolism. Therefore, the identification of drug prototypes and metabolites in vitro or in vivo is of vital importance for elucidating drug pharmacological mechanisms and pharmacokinetic behavior. Anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives have been proved to be the main active substance in Rubia cordifolia L. acting in disease. However, its prototypes and metabolites in vivo have not been reported. Nowadays, it is difficult to identify them due to interference from endogenous metabolites, their extremely low concentrations [17], a lack of standards, and diverse structure types. Their many isomers further increased the difficulty of the analysis and the uncertainty of the results. Therefore, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) has been proved to be an effective analytical tool for the determination of chemical constituents and metabolites in biological samples by means of its selectivity, sensitivity, and speediness [18,19,20]. In this paper, a UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method was developed to systematically analyze the prototypes and metabolites in rat plasma and urine after oral administration of Rubia cordifolia L. for revealing the metabolic pathways and understanding the mechanism of action of Rubia cordifolia L.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Identification of Chemical Components in Rubia cordifolia L. Extract

The identification of the chemical constituents in the plasma and urine was based on the analysis of the components of the Rubia cordifolia L. extract. The information from the 40 compounds in Rubia cordifolia L. extract, including the chromatogram and MS2 spectra, was recorded (Table 1). Compounds 23, 25, 26, 31, and 32 were confirmed to be 6-hydroxyrubiadin, alizarin, purpurin, physcion and rubiadin, respectively, by comparison with the reference compounds. A total of nine compounds were tentatively characterized based on the comparison of literature data and the analysis of the fragmentation regularities using the PeakView (Version 2.0, AB SCIEX) [15,21,22]. The remaining 26 ingredients were not further analyzed due to the lack of authentic compounds and reference data. The profiling of these compounds was shown by a total ion chromatogram (TIC) in Figure 1.

Table 1

Compounds identified in Rubia cordifolia L. extract.

NO.	RT	Mass Found	Error	MS² Ions	Identification
NO.	(min)	Mass Found	(ppm)	MS² Ions	Identification
1	10.68	461.0732	1.2	417, 298, 280, 255,226
2	12.55	610.4194	0.1	564, 546, 451, 338, 225, 130
3	13.7	723.5057	0	677, 659, 564, 451, 338, 225
4	14.52	836.5906	0.3	790, 225
5	15.15	949.6771	0.2	903
6	17.62	563.1419	0.2	269, 240	Ruberythric acid
7	17.86	577.1579	0.2	577, 269, 240
8	19.57	619.1667	0.9	577, 559, 269, 240
9	20.06	417.0836	1.5	255, 241	2-Methyl-1,3,6-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside
10	21.32	299.0201	0.6	255, 227, 183, 171, 143, 129	Pseudopurpurin
11	21.41	239.0346	1.1	211, 195, 183, 167, 155	An isomer of alizarin
12	21.43	283.0254	0.4	239, 211, 195, 167	Munjistin
13	21.59	619.1683	0	577, 269, 240
14	21.61	665.1745	0.1	619, 577, 372, 269, 239
15	23.05	267.0304	0.6	223, 195	Nordamnacanthal
16	23.1	473.1093	0.6	268, 240
17	23.12	345.0408	0.5	317, 301, 289, 273, 260, 245	Unknown
18	23.93	661.1793	0.4	619, 601, 269, 240
19	24.4	401.0887	0.3	356, 328, 300, 272, 244	Alizarin-2-O-Glc
20	25.37	801.3497	0.1	755, 630, 556, 493, 460
21	26.23	253.0504	0.1	225, 209, 195	An isomer of rubiadin
22	28.42	453.0623	0	409, 394, 350, 306, 293
23	29.53	269.0461	0.5	254, 241, 223, 210, 195	6-Hydroxyrubiadin
24	28.45	317.1033	0	213, 185, 157, 129
25	30.56	239.0343	0.6	211, 195, 167, 155	Alizarin
26	30.9	255.0297	0	227, 183, 171, 143, 129, 101	Purpurin
27	30.91	293.1764	0.1	236, 221, 205, 192, 177
28	30.99	593.1315	0.3	549, 505, 417, 383, 357, 313
29	31.15	745.2326	0.1	644, 513, 496, 482
30	31.63	297.1531	1	269, 254, 239, 223, 211, 197, 183, 169	1-Hydroxy-2-carboxyl-3-methoxy-anthraquinone
31	33.74	283.0612	2.3	268, 240, 211	Physcion
32	34.32	253.0502	0.5	225, 209, 195	Rubiadin
33	34.77	297.0773	0.5	251, 223, 195
34	34.93	457.0722	0.4	413, 384, 369, 356
35	36.28	441.135	0.1	372, 313, 297, 269
36	36.42	313.0511	0.1	285, 269, 257, 229, 201
37	37.7	325.1845	0.7	279, 197, 183, 119
38	38.36	295.228	1	277, 259, 183, 171
39	38.52	339.2003	0.3	197, 183, 119
40	43.24	353.2123	0	177, 163

Figure 1

TIC of Rubia cordifolia L. extract.

Compound 10 (Table 1) presented the parent ion at a m/z of 299.0201 ([M − H]−, 0.6 ppm). The product ions at the m/z of 255 contributed to the elimination of CO2. The fragment ions (227, 183, 171, 143, and 129) that were observed in the MS2 spectra (Figure 2) were in accord with the purpurins (compound 26; Figure 2). Thus, the compound 10 was identified as pseudopurpurin.

Figure 2

Spectra of compounds.

Compounds 11 and 25 at retention times of 21.41 and 30.56 min shared the same precursor ion at the m/z of 239.0346 and recorded the coincident fragmentation pathways. Therefore, they were considered isomers. Compound 25 had been determined as alizarin (Figure 2). Thus, the compounds 6 (Table 2) and 21 were tentatively identified as isomers of purpurin and rubiadin, respectively.

Table 2

Compounds identified in rat plasma after oral administration of Rubia cordifolia L. extract.

NO.	RT (min)	Mass Found	Error (ppm)	MS² Ions	Identification
1	11.8	497.3337	0	451, 433, 225
2	15.34	459.0562	0.2	283, 239, 211, 195	Glucuronide of munjistin
3	19.64	431.0611	0.6	255, 227, 183	Purpurin-1-O-β-glucuronide
4	20.04	415.0670	0.3	239, 211, 167	Alizarin-1-O-β-glucuronide
5	20.09	415.0672	0.2	239, 211, 167	Alizarin-2-O-β-glucuronide
6	20.09	255.0298	0.1	255, 227, 183, 171	An isomer of purpurin
7	20.28	431.0613	1.2	255, 227	Purpurin-3-O-β-glucuronide
8	20.79	318.9917	0.4	239, 211, 183, 167, 155	Alizarin-1-O-sulfation
9	21.32	299.0201	0.6	255, 227, 183, 171, 143	Pseudopurpurin
10	21.41	239.0346	1.1	211, 195, 183, 167, 155	An isomer of alizarin
11	21.43	283.0254	0.4	239, 211, 195, 167	Munjistin
12	22.6	667.1307	0.2	491, 315	Glucuronide of compound 27 in Table 1
13	22.89	318.9917	0.3	239, 211, 183, 167, 155	Alizarin-2-O-sulfation
14	23.05	267.0304	0.6	223, 195	Nordamnacanthal
15	23.12	345.0408	0.5	317, 301, 289, 273, 260
16	24.4	401.0879	0.3	356, 328, 300, 272, 244	Alizarin-2-O-Glc
17	26.23	253.0504	0.1	225, 209, 195	An isomer of rubiadin
18	30.56	239.0343	0.6	211, 195, 167, 155	Alizarin
19	30.9	255.0297	0	227, 183, 171, 143, 129	Purpurin
20	30.91	293.1764	0.1	236, 221, 205, 192, 177
21	34.32	253.0502	0.5	225, 209, 195	Rubiadin

Based on the molecular weight, fragmentation ions, and previously published data [21], the compounds 9, 12, 15, 19, and 30 were tentatively confirmed as 2-methyl-1,3,6-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, munjistin, nordamnacanthal, alizarin-2-O-Glc, and 1-hydroxy-2-carboxyl-3-methoxy-anthraquinone, respectively. The MS2 spectra of compounds 9, 11, 12, 15, 19, 21, 25, and 32 are presented in Figure 2.

2.2. Detection of the Prototype Components and Metabolites in Rat Plasma

After eliminating the interference of endogenous substances, 21 compounds (including 11 prototype components and 10 metabolites) were found, but only 13 of these components were tentatively identified (Figure 3).

Figure 3

TIC of the rat plasma sample.

As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the compounds 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, and 32 in the Rubia cordifolia L. extract correspond to the compounds 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 in the rat plasma, respectively. It was concluded that these compounds can be regarded as prototype components. According to Table 2, compound 2 shows a parent ion at a m/z of 459.0562 and product ions at the m/z of 283, 239, 211, and 195. The product ion at a m/z of 283 was 176 Da less than the deprotonated molecule. Based on the chemical constituents of Rubia cordifolia L., the fragment at the m/z of 283 represents the structure of munjistin. Thus, it was concluded that compound 2 was generated through the glucuronide conjugation of munjistin. Therefore, compounds 4 and 5 were identified as glucuronide conjugations of alizarin, while compounds 3 and 7 were confirmed to be the glucuronide conjugation of purpurin. The MS2 spectrum of compound 2 is shown in Figure 2. The parent ions of compounds 8 and 13 at the m/z of 319 are 80 Da larger than alizarin. Thus, they were identified as sulfation products of alizarin. The metabolites of alizarin and purpurin metabolites were observed in rat plasma after the administration of an alizarin solution and a purpurin solution, respectively. Figure 4 and Figure 5 obtained using Metabolite Pilot 1.5 software show the metabolite chromatograms of alizarin and purpurin, respectively. The information for the metabolites are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. M1 and M3 were identified as alizarin-1-O-β-glucuronide and alizarin-2-O-β-glucuronide, based on their same molecular weight, different retention times, and different peak areas (the peak area of M3 > M1), because the β-OH of antraquinones is more active and the result is consistent with the study of emodin [23]. Therefore, M2 and M4 were similarly confirmed to be alizarin-1-O-sulfation and alizarin-2-O-sulfation, respectively. According to the Table 4 and the MS2 spectra (shown in Figure 5), M1 and M2 in the metabolite chromatogram of purpurin were identified as purpurin-1-O-β-glucuronide and purpurin-3-O-β-glucuronide, respectively, while M4 was regarded as alizarin. The interference of alizarin in purpurin standard can be excluded due to the purity of purpurin standard and the peak area of alizarin (shown in Table 4). The MS2 spectrum of M4 can be found in Figure 5. Therefore, it is concluded that purpurin could transform into alizarin in the rat body. The result is consistent with the study of emodin that stated that emodin could transform into chrysophanol [24]. The M3 was not determined, but it was deduced to be a metabolite of M2 due to their same fragment ions at the m/z of 431, 255, and 227. The metabolic pathways of alizarin and purpurin are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, respectively. The chemical structures of the metabolites and the identified compounds are summarized in Table 5. The glucuronic acid (GlcA) and sulfuric acid ester group binding sites in the anthraquinones are α-OH and β-OH. As shown in Table 2, the compounds 1, 2, 6, and 12 were found as metabolites. However, further studies are needed to reveal the structures of these compounds.

Figure 4

Metabolite chromatogram of alizarin.

Figure 5

Metabolite chromatogram of purpurin.

Table 3

Information on the metabolites of alizarin.

Peak ID	Formula	m/z	ppm	RT (min)	Peak Area	% Score
M1	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₀	415.0670	0.3	17.16	1.19 × 10⁶	94.5
M2	C₁₄H₈O₇S	318.9917	0.4	17.85	8.44 × 10⁴	95.0
M3	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₀	415.0672	0.2	18.27	1.52 × 10⁶	96.9
M4	C₁₄H₈O₇S	318.9917	0.3	20.58	1.89 × 10⁶	96.9

Table 4

Information on the metabolites of purpurin.

Peak ID	Formula	m/z	ppm	RT (min)	Peak Area	% Score
M1	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₁	431.0611	0.6	19.43	3.20 × 10⁵	95.6
M2	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₁	431.0613	1.2	20.09	2.19 × 10⁶	96.9
M3	Unknown	863.1319	0.0	20.09	9.60 × 10⁵	60.8
M4	C₁₄H₈O₄	239.0346	1.2	30.60	2.35 × 10⁵	88.3
M	C₁₄H₈O₅	255.0301	0.1	20.09	2.04 × 10⁵	91.0

Figure 6

Metabolic pathways of alizarin.

Figure 7

Metabolic pathways of purpurin. Metabolic pathways: (a) glucuronidation; (b) sulfation; (c,d) unknown.

Table 5

Chemical structures of some of the chemical constituents. Anthraquinone structure β-d-glucopyranosyl (Glc) Glucuronic acid (GlcA).

No.	Compound	Chemical Formula	Substituent Position
No.	Compound	Chemical Formula	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₆
1	Alizarin-1-O-β-glucuronide	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₀	GlcA	OH	H	H	H
2	Alizarin-1-O-sulfation	C₁₄H₇O₄SO₃H	OSO₃H	OH	H	H	H
3	Alizarin-2-O-β-glucuronide	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₀	OH	GlcA	H	H	H
4	Purpurin-1-O-β-glucuronide	C₂₀H₁₆O₁₁	GlcA	H	OH	OH	H
5	2-Methyl-1,3,6-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	C₂₁H₂₂O₉	OH	CH3	Glc	H	OH
6	Purpurin-3-O-β-glucuronide	C₂0H₁₆O₁₁	OH	H	GlcA	OH	H
7	Alizarin-2-O-sulfation	C₁₄H₇O₄SO₃H	OH	OSO₃H	H	H	H
8	Pseudopurpurin	C₁₅H₈O₇	OH	OH	COOH	OH	H
9	Munjistin	C₁₅H₈O₆	OH	COOH	OH	H	H
10	Nordamnacanthal	C₁₅H₈O₅	H	COOH	H	OH	H
11	Alizarin-2-O-Glc	C₂₀H₁₈O₉	OH	Glc	H	H	H
12	6-Hydroxyrubiadin	C₁₅H₁₀O₄	OH	CH₃	OH	H	H
13	Alizarin	C₁₄H₈O₄	OH	OH	H	H	H
14	Purpurin	C₁₄H₈O₅	OH	H	OH	OH	H
15	Rubiadin	C₁₅H₁₀O₄	OH	CH₃	OH	H	H

2.3. Detection of the Chemical Constituents in Rat Urine

It could be observed from Table 6 that eight compounds were detected in rat urine. Among them, the compounds 1, 2, 3, and 8 were regarded as metabolites. In comparison, the other compounds were regarded as prototypes. However, most of the chemical constituents were not identified. The TIC was shown in Figure 8.

Table 6

Compounds identified in rat urine after oral administration of Rubia cordifolia L. extract.

NO.	RT	Mass Found	Error	MS² Ions	Identification
NO.	(min)	Mass Found	(ppm)	MS² Ions	Identification
1	22.24	349.0031	0.2	269, 254, 226	Sulfation of 6-Hydroxyrubiadin
2	28.89	254.0471	0.3	226, 183
3	28.96	270.0505	0.1	255, 242, 227, 196
4	29.53	269.0461	0.5	254, 241, 223, 195	6-Hydroxyrubiadin
5	30.12	239.0350	0.6	211, 195, 167, 155	Alizarin
6	30.9	255.0304	0	227, 183, 171, 143, 129, 101	Purpurin
7	34.32	253.145	0.5	225, 209, 195	Rubiadin
8	34.37	269.0469	0	241, 225, 197, 182

Figure 8

TIC of the rat urine sample.

The parent ion of Compound 1 at a m/z of 349.0031 was 80 Da more than the precursor ion of compound 4 (6-Hydroxyrubiadin). It was regarded as the sulfation product of 6-Hydroxyrubiadin, based on the MS2 spectra (Figure 2). The 6-hydroxyrubiadin was not detected in the rat plasma but it was found in the urine, suggesting that it may not be a bioactive constituent.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemcials, Reagents, and Meterials

Rubia cordifolia L. were purchased from Guangdong Medicinal Materials and Yin Pian Company (Guangzhou, China), and were further identified by Professor Ruo-Ting Zhan (Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China). The reference standards of alizarin, purpurin, and physcion (purity of >98%) were provided by the China Institute of Pharmaceutical and Miological products, while the 6-pydroxyrubiadin and rubiadin (purity of >98%) were obtained from BioBioPha. HPLC-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were purchased from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Purified water was prepared from a Milli-Q system (Millipore Billerica, MA, USA).

3.2. Instrument and Analytical Conditions

Chromatographic separation was performed by a Venusil XBP (L) C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm; Agela) at 30 °C. Several mobile phase systems, including methanol-water, acetonitrile-water, acetic acid (0.1% and 0.05%), and formic acid (0.1% and 0.05%) were tested to identify the optimal mobile phase. Ultimately, a mobile phase of acetonitrile (A) and 0.05% formic acid-water (B) was selected. The gradient program was as follows: 0–10 min at 10–25% A; 10–25 min at 25–50% A; 25–35 min at 50–75% A; 35–45 min at 75% A; 45–55 min at 75–100% A; and 55–60 min at 100% A. The mobile phase rate was 0.8 mL/min and each injection volume was set at 10 μL. The MS data were acquired on an AB SCIEX Triple TOF 5600 (AB sciex Pte. Ltd., Singapore). The Mass spectrometric parameters were as follows: interface of negative electrospray ionization (ESI); gas 1 and 2 being nitrogen 55 psi; curtain gas being nitrogen 40 psi; source temperature of 400 °C; ion spray voltage of 5500 V; de-clustering potential of 100 V and collision energy of 45 eV. The Peakview (Version 2.0, AB SCIEX) and MetabolitePilotTM (Version 1.5, AB SCIEX) were employed for the analyses.

3.3. Animals, Dosage, and Biological Sample Collection

Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight of 180–220 g) were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of the Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and randomly divided into three groups (Group I, Group II, and Group III) of six rats each. These animals were housed in a breeding room at a controlled temperature (20–24 °C) and humidity (40%–60%) in a 12 h light/dark cycle with free access to food and water for three days. All rats were fasted for 12 h with free access to water prior to the experiment. Rubia cordifolia L. was heating by being extracted with 70% ethanol for 1 h and then filtered. The moisture in the filtrate was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in methanol to a concentration equivalent to 1 mg/mL of the Rubia cordifolia L. for analysis. Rubia cordifolia L. was immersed in 70% ethanol (1:8, w/v) and extracted three times (1 h each time). The extracted solutions were combined and concentrated under a reduced pressure to a density of 1 g/mL for oral administration. Alizarin solution (0.63 mg/mL) and purpurin solution (3.25 mg/mL) were each prepared with 0.5% aqueous CMCC-Na for oral administration. The Rubia cordifolia L. solution (1 g/mL), the alizarin solution (0.63 mg/mL), and the purpurin solution (3.25 mg/mL) were orally administered to group I (10 g/kg body weight), group II (6.3 mg/kg body weight), and group III (32.5 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Blank blood samples and medicated blood samples were collected from the suborbital vein before administration and 2 h after administration, respectively. Following this, these samples were and then immediately centrifuged for 5 min at 14,000 rpm at 4 °C. All urine samples from group I were collected for 12 h post-dosing and combined into one sample for the purpose of eliminating the individual variability.

3.4. Biological Sample Preparation

The supernatants of the two types of blood samples from the same group were mixed into a single sample to eliminate individual interference. A total of 200 μL aliquots of mixed plasma samples were precipitated with 800 μL methanol and vortexed for 5 min. The sample was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 min, and beforehand the supernatant was separated and dried under a stream of nitrogen gas at 30 °C. The residue was dissolved in 200 μL of methanol, before 10 μL of this mixture was injected into the UPLC/Q-TOF/ MS for analysis. The mixed urine sample was homogenized with methanol at a ratio of 1:4, before being vortexed and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 min. Following this, the supernatant was removed and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 200 μL of methanol for UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis.

4. Conclusions

In this study, a UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method was established for studying the metabolism of Rubia cordifolia L. Eventually, nine prototype components and six metabolites including alizarin-1-O-β-glucuronide, alizarin-2-O-β-glucuronide, alizarin-1-O-sulfation, alizarin-2-O-sulfation, purpurin-1-O-β-glucuronide, and purpurin-3-O-β-glucuronide were identified in the plasma. Also, this indicates that the metabolic pathway of alizarin involves glucuronidation and sulfation, with the purpurins having undergone glucuronidation. Thus, Rubia cordifolia L. possibly express its effects through their metabolites. Additionally, it is interesting that purpurin can transform into alizarin in rat body. Research has made it clear that alizarin and purpurin both can induce gene mutations that contribute to cases of nephrotoxicity [25,26]. Thus, it is hypothesized that alizarin, instead of purpurin, is associated with the noxious effects to kidney. The analysis of the changes in purpurin content in the body may be the best way to understand the metabolic pathways of purpurin. Furthermore, four prototype components were identified in urine. The 6-pydroxyrubiadin was only detected in the urine, suggesting that it may not be the active substance of Rubia cordifolia L. However, further studies based on the nuclear magnetic resonance technology (NMR) are needed to identify the unidentified compounds. This experiment might provide a basis for further pharmacological and pharmacokinetic research on Rubia cordifolia L.

21 in total

1. Antioxidant phenolic constituents in roots of Rheum officinale and Rubia cordifolia: structure-radical scavenging activity relationships.

Authors: Yizhong Cai; Mei Sun; Jie Xing; Harold Corke
Journal: J Agric Food Chem Date: 2004-12-29 Impact factor: 5.279

2. Evaluation of antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activity of three anthraquinones (alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin).

Authors: G Zengin; N S Degirmenci; L Alpsoy; A Aktumsek
Journal: Hum Exp Toxicol Date: 2015-07-15 Impact factor: 2.903

3. New cytotoxic naphthohydroquinone dimers from Rubia alata.

Authors: Si-Meng Zhao; Zhe Wang; Guang-Zhi Zeng; Wei-Wu Song; Xiao-Qiang Chen; Xiao-Nian Li; Ning-Hua Tan
Journal: Org Lett Date: 2014-10-13 Impact factor: 6.005

4. High-performance thin layer chromatography method for quantitative determination of four major anthraquinone derivatives in Rheum emodi.

Authors: Narendra P Singh; Ajai P Gupta; Arun K Sinha; Paramvir S Ahuja
Journal: J Chromatogr A Date: 2005-06-10 Impact factor: 4.759

5. Hepatoprotective effects of rubiadin, a major constituent of Rubia cordifolia Linn.

Authors: Guntupalli M Mohana Rao; Chandana V Rao; Palpu Pushpangadan; Annie Shirwaikar
Journal: J Ethnopharmacol Date: 2005-10-05 Impact factor: 4.360

6. A selective HPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of SND-117 in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

Authors: Bei-Hua Bao; An Kang; Yang Zhao; Qi Shen; Jun-Song Li; Liu-Qing Di; Jian-Xin Li
Journal: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci Date: 2017-03-12 Impact factor: 3.205

7. Combined effect of aloe-emodin and chemotherapeutic agents on the proliferation of an adherent variant cell line of Merkel cell carcinoma.

Authors: Eyal Fenig; Jardena Nordenberg; Einat Beery; Jaqueline Sulkes; Lina Wasserman
Journal: Oncol Rep Date: 2004-01 Impact factor: 3.906

8. Dietary pseudopurpurin effects on bone mineral density and bone geometry architecture in rats.

Authors: Chen-Chen Wu; Xiao-Bing Li; Tie-Suo Han; Peng Li; Guo-Wen Liu; Wei-Zhong Wang; Zhe Wang
Journal: Int J Mol Sci Date: 2012-03-13 Impact factor: 6.208

9. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).

Authors: Daniel J Klionsky; Kotb Abdelmohsen; Akihisa Abe; Md Joynal Abedin; Hagai Abeliovich; Abraham Acevedo Arozena; Hiroaki Adachi; Christopher M Adams; Peter D Adams; Khosrow Adeli; Peter J Adhihetty; Sharon G Adler; Galila Agam; Rajesh Agarwal; Manish K Aghi; Maria Agnello; Patrizia Agostinis; Patricia V Aguilar; Julio Aguirre-Ghiso; Edoardo M Airoldi; Slimane Ait-Si-Ali; Takahiko Akematsu; Emmanuel T Akporiaye; Mohamed Al-Rubeai; Guillermo M Albaiceta; Chris Albanese; Diego Albani; Matthew L Albert; Jesus Aldudo; Hana Algül; Mehrdad Alirezaei; Iraide Alloza; Alexandru Almasan; Maylin Almonte-Beceril; Emad S Alnemri; Covadonga Alonso; Nihal Altan-Bonnet; Dario C Altieri; Silvia Alvarez; Lydia Alvarez-Erviti; Sandro Alves; Giuseppina Amadoro; Atsuo Amano; Consuelo Amantini; Santiago Ambrosio; Ivano Amelio; Amal O Amer; Mohamed Amessou; Angelika Amon; Zhenyi An; Frank A Anania; Stig U Andersen; Usha P Andley; Catherine K Andreadi; Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie; Alberto Anel; David K Ann; Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie; Manuela Antonioli; Hiroshi Aoki; Nadezda Apostolova; Saveria Aquila; Katia Aquilano; Koichi Araki; Eli Arama; Agustin Aranda; Jun Araya; Alexandre Arcaro; Esperanza Arias; Hirokazu Arimoto; Aileen R Ariosa; Jane L Armstrong; Thierry Arnould; Ivica Arsov; Katsuhiko Asanuma; Valerie Askanas; Eric Asselin; Ryuichiro Atarashi; Sally S Atherton; Julie D Atkin; Laura D Attardi; Patrick Auberger; Georg Auburger; Laure Aurelian; Riccardo Autelli; Laura Avagliano; Maria Laura Avantaggiati; Limor Avrahami; Suresh Awale; Neelam Azad; Tiziana Bachetti; Jonathan M Backer; Dong-Hun Bae; Jae-Sung Bae; Ok-Nam Bae; Soo Han Bae; Eric H Baehrecke; Seung-Hoon Baek; Stephen Baghdiguian; Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna; Hua Bai; Jie Bai; Xue-Yuan Bai; Yannick Bailly; Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji; Walter Balduini; Andrea Ballabio; Rena Balzan; Rajkumar Banerjee; Gábor Bánhegyi; Haijun Bao; Benoit Barbeau; Maria D Barrachina; Esther Barreiro; Bonnie Bartel; Alberto Bartolomé; Diane C Bassham; Maria Teresa Bassi; Robert C Bast; Alakananda Basu; Maria Teresa Batista; Henri Batoko; Maurizio Battino; Kyle Bauckman; Bradley L Baumgarner; K Ulrich Bayer; Rupert Beale; Jean-François Beaulieu; George R Beck; Christoph Becker; J David Beckham; Pierre-André Bédard; Patrick J Bednarski; Thomas J Begley; Christian Behl; Christian Behrends; Georg Mn Behrens; Kevin E Behrns; Eloy Bejarano; Amine Belaid; Francesca Belleudi; Giovanni Bénard; Guy Berchem; Daniele Bergamaschi; Matteo Bergami; Ben Berkhout; Laura Berliocchi; Amélie Bernard; Monique Bernard; Francesca Bernassola; Anne Bertolotti; Amanda S Bess; Sébastien Besteiro; Saverio Bettuzzi; Savita Bhalla; Shalmoli Bhattacharyya; Sujit K Bhutia; Caroline Biagosch; Michele Wolfe Bianchi; Martine Biard-Piechaczyk; Viktor Billes; Claudia Bincoletto; Baris Bingol; Sara W Bird; Marc Bitoun; Ivana Bjedov; Craig Blackstone; Lionel Blanc; Guillermo A Blanco; Heidi Kiil Blomhoff; Emilio Boada-Romero; Stefan Böckler; Marianne Boes; Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia; Lawrence H Boise; Alessandra Bolino; Andrea Boman; Paolo Bonaldo; Matteo Bordi; Jürgen Bosch; Luis M Botana; Joelle Botti; German Bou; Marina Bouché; Marion Bouchecareilh; Marie-Josée Boucher; Michael E Boulton; Sebastien G Bouret; Patricia Boya; Michaël Boyer-Guittaut; Peter V Bozhkov; Nathan Brady; Vania Mm Braga; Claudio Brancolini; Gerhard H Braus; José M Bravo-San Pedro; Lisa A Brennan; Emery H Bresnick; Patrick Brest; Dave Bridges; Marie-Agnès Bringer; Marisa Brini; Glauber C Brito; Bertha Brodin; Paul S Brookes; Eric J Brown; Karen Brown; Hal E Broxmeyer; Alain Bruhat; Patricia Chakur Brum; John H Brumell; Nicola Brunetti-Pierri; Robert J Bryson-Richardson; Shilpa Buch; Alastair M Buchan; Hikmet Budak; Dmitry V Bulavin; Scott J Bultman; Geert Bultynck; Vladimir Bumbasirevic; Yan Burelle; Robert E Burke; Margit Burmeister; Peter Bütikofer; Laura Caberlotto; Ken Cadwell; Monika Cahova; Dongsheng Cai; Jingjing Cai; Qian Cai; Sara Calatayud; Nadine Camougrand; Michelangelo Campanella; Grant R Campbell; Matthew Campbell; Silvia Campello; Robin Candau; Isabella Caniggia; Lavinia Cantoni; Lizhi Cao; Allan B Caplan; Michele Caraglia; Claudio Cardinali; Sandra Morais Cardoso; Jennifer S Carew; Laura A Carleton; Cathleen R Carlin; Silvia Carloni; Sven R Carlsson; Didac Carmona-Gutierrez; Leticia Am Carneiro; Oliana Carnevali; Serena Carra; Alice Carrier; Bernadette Carroll; Caty Casas; Josefina Casas; Giuliana Cassinelli; Perrine Castets; Susana Castro-Obregon; Gabriella Cavallini; Isabella Ceccherini; Francesco Cecconi; Arthur I Cederbaum; Valentín Ceña; Simone Cenci; Claudia Cerella; Davide Cervia; Silvia Cetrullo; Hassan Chaachouay; Han-Jung Chae; Andrei S Chagin; Chee-Yin Chai; Gopal Chakrabarti; Georgios Chamilos; Edmond Yw Chan; Matthew Tv Chan; Dhyan Chandra; Pallavi Chandra; Chih-Peng Chang; Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang; Ta Yuan Chang; John C Chatham; Saurabh Chatterjee; Santosh Chauhan; Yongsheng Che; Michael E Cheetham; Rajkumar Cheluvappa; Chun-Jung Chen; Gang Chen; Guang-Chao Chen; Guoqiang Chen; Hongzhuan Chen; Jeff W Chen; Jian-Kang Chen; Min Chen; Mingzhou Chen; Peiwen Chen; Qi Chen; Quan Chen; Shang-Der Chen; Si Chen; Steve S-L Chen; Wei Chen; Wei-Jung Chen; Wen Qiang Chen; Wenli Chen; Xiangmei Chen; Yau-Hung Chen; Ye-Guang Chen; Yin Chen; Yingyu Chen; Yongshun Chen; Yu-Jen Chen; Yue-Qin Chen; Yujie Chen; Zhen Chen; Zhong Chen; Alan Cheng; Christopher Hk Cheng; Hua Cheng; Heesun Cheong; Sara Cherry; Jason Chesney; Chun Hei Antonio Cheung; Eric Chevet; Hsiang Cheng Chi; Sung-Gil Chi; Fulvio Chiacchiera; Hui-Ling Chiang; Roberto Chiarelli; Mario Chiariello; Marcello Chieppa; Lih-Shen Chin; Mario Chiong; Gigi Nc Chiu; Dong-Hyung Cho; Ssang-Goo Cho; William C Cho; Yong-Yeon Cho; Young-Seok Cho; Augustine Mk Choi; Eui-Ju Choi; Eun-Kyoung Choi; Jayoung Choi; Mary E Choi; Seung-Il Choi; Tsui-Fen Chou; Salem Chouaib; Divaker Choubey; Vinay Choubey; Kuan-Chih Chow; Kamal Chowdhury; Charleen T Chu; Tsung-Hsien Chuang; Taehoon Chun; Hyewon Chung; Taijoon Chung; Yuen-Li Chung; Yong-Joon Chwae; Valentina Cianfanelli; Roberto Ciarcia; Iwona A Ciechomska; Maria Rosa Ciriolo; Mara Cirone; Sofie Claerhout; Michael J Clague; Joan Clària; Peter Gh Clarke; Robert Clarke; Emilio Clementi; Cédric Cleyrat; Miriam Cnop; Eliana M Coccia; Tiziana Cocco; Patrice Codogno; Jörn Coers; Ezra Ew Cohen; David Colecchia; Luisa Coletto; Núria S Coll; Emma Colucci-Guyon; Sergio Comincini; Maria Condello; Katherine L Cook; Graham H Coombs; Cynthia D Cooper; J Mark Cooper; Isabelle Coppens; Maria Tiziana Corasaniti; Marco Corazzari; Ramon Corbalan; Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau; Mario D Cordero; Cristina Corral-Ramos; Olga Corti; Andrea Cossarizza; Paola Costelli; Safia Costes; Susan L Cotman; Ana Coto-Montes; Sandra Cottet; Eduardo Couve; Lori R Covey; L Ashley Cowart; Jeffery S Cox; Fraser P Coxon; Carolyn B Coyne; Mark S Cragg; Rolf J Craven; Tiziana Crepaldi; Jose L Crespo; Alfredo Criollo; Valeria Crippa; Maria Teresa Cruz; Ana Maria Cuervo; Jose M Cuezva; Taixing Cui; Pedro R Cutillas; Mark J Czaja; Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska; Ruben K Dagda; Uta Dahmen; Chunsun Dai; Wenjie Dai; Yun Dai; Kevin N Dalby; Luisa Dalla Valle; Guillaume Dalmasso; Marcello D'Amelio; Markus Damme; Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud; Catherine Dargemont; Victor M Darley-Usmar; Srinivasan Dasarathy; Biplab Dasgupta; Srikanta Dash; Crispin R Dass; Hazel Marie Davey; Lester M Davids; David Dávila; Roger J Davis; Ted M Dawson; Valina L Dawson; Paula Daza; Jackie de Belleroche; Paul de Figueiredo; Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo; José de la Fuente; Luisa De Martino; Antonella De Matteis; Guido Ry De Meyer; Angelo De Milito; Mauro De Santi; Wanderley de Souza; Vincenzo De Tata; Daniela De Zio; Jayanta Debnath; Reinhard Dechant; Jean-Paul Decuypere; Shane Deegan; Benjamin Dehay; Barbara Del Bello; Dominic P Del Re; Régis Delage-Mourroux; Lea Md Delbridge; Louise Deldicque; Elizabeth Delorme-Axford; Yizhen Deng; Joern Dengjel; Melanie Denizot; Paul Dent; Channing J Der; Vojo Deretic; Benoît Derrien; Eric Deutsch; Timothy P Devarenne; Rodney J Devenish; Sabrina Di Bartolomeo; Nicola Di Daniele; Fabio Di Domenico; Alessia Di Nardo; Simone Di Paola; Antonio Di Pietro; Livia Di Renzo; Aaron DiAntonio; Guillermo Díaz-Araya; Ines Díaz-Laviada; Maria T Diaz-Meco; Javier Diaz-Nido; Chad A Dickey; Robert C Dickson; Marc Diederich; Paul Digard; Ivan Dikic; Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar; Chan Ding; Wen-Xing Ding; Zufeng Ding; Luciana Dini; Jörg Hw Distler; Abhinav Diwan; Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny; Kostyantyn Dmytruk; Renwick Cj Dobson; Volker Doetsch; Karol Dokladny; Svetlana Dokudovskaya; Massimo Donadelli; X Charlie Dong; Xiaonan Dong; Zheng Dong; Terrence M Donohue; Kelly S Doran; Gabriella D'Orazi; Gerald W Dorn; Victor Dosenko; Sami Dridi; Liat Drucker; Jie Du; Li-Lin Du; Lihuan Du; André du Toit; Priyamvada Dua; Lei Duan; Pu Duann; Vikash Kumar Dubey; Michael R Duchen; Michel A Duchosal; Helene Duez; Isabelle Dugail; Verónica I Dumit; Mara C Duncan; Elaine A Dunlop; William A Dunn; Nicolas Dupont; Luc Dupuis; Raúl V Durán; Thomas M Durcan; Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet; Umamaheswar Duvvuri; Vinay Eapen; Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari; Arnaud Echard; Leopold Eckhart; Charles L Edelstein; Aimee L Edinger; Ludwig Eichinger; Tobias Eisenberg; Avital Eisenberg-Lerner; N Tony Eissa; Wafik S El-Deiry; Victoria El-Khoury; Zvulun Elazar; Hagit Eldar-Finkelman; Chris Jh Elliott; Enzo Emanuele; Urban Emmenegger; Nikolai Engedal; Anna-Mart Engelbrecht; Simone Engelender; Jorrit M Enserink; Ralf Erdmann; Jekaterina Erenpreisa; Rajaraman Eri; Jason L Eriksen; Andreja Erman; Ricardo Escalante; Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen; Lucile Espert; Lorena Esteban-Martínez; Thomas J Evans; Mario Fabri; Gemma Fabrias; Cinzia Fabrizi; Antonio Facchiano; Nils J Færgeman; Alberto Faggioni; W Douglas Fairlie; Chunhai Fan; Daping Fan; Jie Fan; Shengyun Fang; Manolis Fanto; Alessandro Fanzani; Thomas Farkas; Mathias Faure; Francois B Favier; Howard Fearnhead; Massimo Federici; Erkang Fei; Tania C Felizardo; Hua Feng; Yibin Feng; Yuchen Feng; Thomas A Ferguson; Álvaro F Fernández; Maite G Fernandez-Barrena; Jose C Fernandez-Checa; Arsenio Fernández-López; Martin E Fernandez-Zapico; Olivier Feron; Elisabetta Ferraro; Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder; Laszlo Fesus; Ralph Feuer; Fabienne C Fiesel; Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela; Giuseppe Filomeni; Gian Maria Fimia; John H Fingert; Steven Finkbeiner; Toren Finkel; Filomena Fiorito; Paul B Fisher; Marc Flajolet; Flavio Flamigni; Oliver Florey; Salvatore Florio; R Andres Floto; Marco Folini; Carlo Follo; Edward A Fon; Francesco Fornai; Franco Fortunato; Alessandro Fraldi; Rodrigo Franco; Arnaud Francois; Aurélie François; Lisa B Frankel; Iain Dc Fraser; Norbert Frey; Damien G Freyssenet; Christian Frezza; Scott L Friedman; Daniel E Frigo; Dongxu Fu; José M Fuentes; Juan Fueyo; Yoshio Fujitani; Yuuki Fujiwara; Mikihiro Fujiya; Mitsunori Fukuda; Simone Fulda; Carmela Fusco; Bozena Gabryel; Matthias Gaestel; Philippe Gailly; Malgorzata Gajewska; Sehamuddin Galadari; Gad Galili; Inmaculada Galindo; Maria F Galindo; Giovanna Galliciotti; Lorenzo Galluzzi; Luca Galluzzi; Vincent Galy; Noor Gammoh; Sam Gandy; Anand K Ganesan; Swamynathan Ganesan; Ian G Ganley; Monique Gannagé; Fen-Biao Gao; Feng Gao; Jian-Xin Gao; Lorena García Nannig; Eleonora García Véscovi; Marina Garcia-Macía; Carmen Garcia-Ruiz; Abhishek D Garg; Pramod Kumar Garg; Ricardo Gargini; Nils Christian Gassen; Damián Gatica; Evelina Gatti; Julie Gavard; Evripidis Gavathiotis; Liang Ge; Pengfei Ge; Shengfang Ge; Po-Wu Gean; Vania Gelmetti; Armando A Genazzani; Jiefei Geng; Pascal Genschik; Lisa Gerner; Jason E Gestwicki; David A Gewirtz; Saeid Ghavami; Eric Ghigo; Debabrata Ghosh; Anna Maria Giammarioli; Francesca Giampieri; Claudia Giampietri; Alexandra Giatromanolaki; Derrick J Gibbings; Lara Gibellini; Spencer B Gibson; Vanessa Ginet; Antonio Giordano; Flaviano Giorgini; Elisa Giovannetti; Stephen E Girardin; Suzana Gispert; Sandy Giuliano; Candece L Gladson; Alvaro Glavic; Martin Gleave; Nelly Godefroy; Robert M Gogal; Kuppan Gokulan; Gustavo H Goldman; Delia Goletti; Michael S Goligorsky; Aldrin V Gomes; Ligia C Gomes; Hernando Gomez; Candelaria Gomez-Manzano; Rubén Gómez-Sánchez; Dawit Ap Gonçalves; Ebru Goncu; Qingqiu Gong; Céline Gongora; Carlos B Gonzalez; Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre; Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo; Rosa Ana González-Polo; Ing Swie Goping; Carlos Gorbea; Nikolai V Gorbunov; Daphne R Goring; Adrienne M Gorman; Sharon M Gorski; Sandro Goruppi; Shino Goto-Yamada; Cecilia Gotor; Roberta A Gottlieb; Illana Gozes; Devrim Gozuacik; Yacine Graba; Martin Graef; Giovanna E Granato; Gary Dean Grant; Steven Grant; Giovanni Luca Gravina; Douglas R Green; Alexander Greenhough; Michael T Greenwood; Benedetto Grimaldi; Frédéric Gros; Charles Grose; Jean-Francois Groulx; Florian Gruber; Paolo Grumati; Tilman Grune; Jun-Lin Guan; Kun-Liang Guan; Barbara Guerra; Carlos Guillen; Kailash Gulshan; Jan Gunst; Chuanyong Guo; Lei Guo; Ming Guo; Wenjie Guo; Xu-Guang Guo; Andrea A Gust; Åsa B Gustafsson; Elaine Gutierrez; Maximiliano G Gutierrez; Ho-Shin Gwak; Albert Haas; James E Haber; Shinji Hadano; Monica Hagedorn; David R Hahn; Andrew J Halayko; Anne Hamacher-Brady; Kozo Hamada; Ahmed Hamai; Andrea Hamann; Maho Hamasaki; Isabelle Hamer; Qutayba Hamid; Ester M Hammond; Feng Han; Weidong Han; James T Handa; John A Hanover; Malene Hansen; Masaru Harada; Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic; J Wade Harper; Abdel Halim Harrath; Adrian L Harris; James Harris; Udo Hasler; Peter Hasselblatt; Kazuhisa Hasui; Robert G Hawley; Teresa S Hawley; Congcong He; Cynthia Y He; Fengtian He; Gu He; Rong-Rong He; Xian-Hui He; You-Wen He; Yu-Ying He; Joan K Heath; Marie-Josée Hébert; Robert A Heinzen; Gudmundur Vignir Helgason; Michael Hensel; Elizabeth P Henske; Chengtao Her; Paul K Herman; Agustín Hernández; Carlos Hernandez; Sonia Hernández-Tiedra; Claudio Hetz; P Robin Hiesinger; Katsumi Higaki; Sabine Hilfiker; Bradford G Hill; Joseph A Hill; William D Hill; Keisuke Hino; Daniel Hofius; Paul Hofman; Günter U Höglinger; Jörg Höhfeld; Marina K Holz; Yonggeun Hong; David A Hood; Jeroen Jm Hoozemans; Thorsten Hoppe; Chin Hsu; Chin-Yuan Hsu; Li-Chung Hsu; Dong Hu; Guochang Hu; Hong-Ming Hu; Hongbo Hu; Ming Chang Hu; Yu-Chen Hu; Zhuo-Wei Hu; Fang Hua; Ya Hua; Canhua Huang; Huey-Lan Huang; Kuo-How Huang; Kuo-Yang Huang; Shile Huang; Shiqian Huang; Wei-Pang Huang; Yi-Ran Huang; Yong Huang; Yunfei Huang; Tobias B Huber; Patricia Huebbe; Won-Ki Huh; Juha J Hulmi; Gang Min Hur; James H Hurley; Zvenyslava Husak; Sabah Na Hussain; Salik Hussain; Jung Jin Hwang; Seungmin Hwang; Thomas Is Hwang; Atsuhiro Ichihara; Yuzuru Imai; Carol Imbriano; Megumi Inomata; Takeshi Into; Valentina Iovane; Juan L Iovanna; Renato V Iozzo; Nancy Y Ip; Javier E Irazoqui; Pablo Iribarren; Yoshitaka Isaka; Aleksandra J Isakovic; Harry Ischiropoulos; Jeffrey S Isenberg; Mohammad Ishaq; Hiroyuki Ishida; Isao Ishii; Jane E Ishmael; Ciro Isidoro; Ken-Ichi Isobe; Erika Isono; Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas; Koji Itahana; Eisuke Itakura; Andrei I Ivanov; Anand Krishnan V Iyer; José M Izquierdo; Yotaro Izumi; Valentina Izzo; Marja Jäättelä; Nadia Jaber; Daniel John Jackson; William T Jackson; Tony George Jacob; Thomas S Jacques; Chinnaswamy Jagannath; Ashish Jain; Nihar Ranjan Jana; Byoung Kuk Jang; Alkesh Jani; Bassam Janji; Paulo Roberto Jannig; Patric J Jansson; Steve Jean; Marina Jendrach; Ju-Hong Jeon; Niels Jessen; Eui-Bae Jeung; Kailiang Jia; Lijun Jia; Hong Jiang; Hongchi Jiang; Liwen Jiang; Teng Jiang; Xiaoyan Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Ying Jiang; Yongjun Jiang; Alberto Jiménez; Cheng Jin; Hongchuan Jin; Lei Jin; Meiyan Jin; Shengkan Jin; Umesh Kumar Jinwal; Eun-Kyeong Jo; Terje Johansen; Daniel E Johnson; Gail Vw Johnson; James D Johnson; Eric Jonasch; Chris Jones; Leo Ab Joosten; Joaquin Jordan; Anna-Maria Joseph; Bertrand Joseph; Annie M Joubert; Dianwen Ju; Jingfang Ju; Hsueh-Fen Juan; Katrin Juenemann; Gábor Juhász; Hye Seung Jung; Jae U Jung; Yong-Keun Jung; Heinz Jungbluth; Matthew J Justice; Barry Jutten; Nadeem O Kaakoush; Kai Kaarniranta; Allen Kaasik; Tomohiro Kabuta; Bertrand Kaeffer; Katarina Kågedal; Alon Kahana; Shingo Kajimura; Or Kakhlon; Manjula Kalia; Dhan V Kalvakolanu; Yoshiaki Kamada; Konstantinos Kambas; Vitaliy O Kaminskyy; Harm H Kampinga; Mustapha Kandouz; Chanhee Kang; Rui Kang; Tae-Cheon Kang; Tomotake Kanki; Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti; Haruo Kanno; Anumantha G Kanthasamy; Marc Kantorow; Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos; Orsolya Kapuy; Vassiliki Karantza; Md Razaul Karim; Parimal Karmakar; Arthur Kaser; Susmita Kaushik; Thomas Kawula; A Murat Kaynar; Po-Yuan Ke; Zun-Ji Ke; John H Kehrl; Kate E Keller; Jongsook Kim Kemper; Anne K Kenworthy; Oliver Kepp; Andreas Kern; Santosh Kesari; David Kessel; Robin Ketteler; Isis do Carmo Kettelhut; Bilon Khambu; Muzamil Majid Khan; Vinoth Km Khandelwal; Sangeeta Khare; Juliann G Kiang; Amy A Kiger; Akio Kihara; Arianna L Kim; Cheol Hyeon Kim; Deok Ryong Kim; Do-Hyung Kim; Eung Kweon Kim; Hye Young Kim; Hyung-Ryong Kim; Jae-Sung Kim; Jeong Hun Kim; Jin Cheon Kim; Jin Hyoung Kim; Kwang Woon Kim; Michael D Kim; Moon-Moo Kim; Peter K Kim; Seong Who Kim; Soo-Youl Kim; Yong-Sun Kim; Yonghyun Kim; Adi Kimchi; Alec C Kimmelman; Tomonori Kimura; Jason S King; Karla Kirkegaard; Vladimir Kirkin; Lorrie A Kirshenbaum; Shuji Kishi; Yasuo Kitajima; Katsuhiko Kitamoto; Yasushi Kitaoka; Kaio Kitazato; Rudolf A Kley; Walter T Klimecki; Michael Klinkenberg; Jochen Klucken; Helene Knævelsrud; Erwin Knecht; Laura Knuppertz; Jiunn-Liang Ko; Satoru Kobayashi; Jan C Koch; Christelle Koechlin-Ramonatxo; Ulrich Koenig; Young Ho Koh; Katja Köhler; Sepp D Kohlwein; Masato Koike; Masaaki Komatsu; Eiki Kominami; Dexin Kong; Hee Jeong Kong; Eumorphia G Konstantakou; Benjamin T Kopp; Tamas Korcsmaros; Laura Korhonen; Viktor I Korolchuk; Nadya V Koshkina; Yanjun Kou; Michael I Koukourakis; Constantinos Koumenis; Attila L Kovács; Tibor Kovács; Werner J Kovacs; Daisuke Koya; Claudine Kraft; Dimitri Krainc; Helmut Kramer; Tamara Kravic-Stevovic; Wilhelm Krek; Carole Kretz-Remy; Roswitha Krick; Malathi Krishnamurthy; Janos Kriston-Vizi; Guido Kroemer; Michael C Kruer; Rejko Kruger; Nicholas T Ktistakis; Kazuyuki Kuchitsu; Christian Kuhn; Addanki Pratap Kumar; Anuj Kumar; Ashok Kumar; Deepak Kumar; Dhiraj Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; Sharad Kumar; Mondira Kundu; Hsing-Jien Kung; Atsushi Kuno; Sheng-Han Kuo; Jeff Kuret; Tino Kurz; Terry Kwok; Taeg Kyu Kwon; Yong Tae Kwon; Irene Kyrmizi; Albert R La Spada; Frank Lafont; Tim Lahm; Aparna Lakkaraju; Truong Lam; Trond Lamark; Steve Lancel; Terry H Landowski; Darius J R Lane; Jon D Lane; Cinzia Lanzi; Pierre Lapaquette; Louis R Lapierre; Jocelyn Laporte; Johanna Laukkarinen; Gordon W Laurie; Sergio Lavandero; Lena Lavie; Matthew J LaVoie; Betty Yuen Kwan Law; Helen Ka-Wai Law; Kelsey B Law; Robert Layfield; Pedro A Lazo; Laurent Le Cam; Karine G Le Roch; Hervé Le Stunff; Vijittra Leardkamolkarn; Marc Lecuit; Byung-Hoon Lee; Che-Hsin Lee; Erinna F Lee; Gyun Min Lee; He-Jin Lee; Hsinyu Lee; Jae Keun Lee; Jongdae Lee; Ju-Hyun Lee; Jun Hee Lee; Michael Lee; Myung-Shik Lee; Patty J Lee; Sam W Lee; Seung-Jae Lee; Shiow-Ju Lee; Stella Y Lee; Sug Hyung Lee; Sung Sik Lee; Sung-Joon Lee; Sunhee Lee; Ying-Ray Lee; Yong J Lee; Young H Lee; Christiaan Leeuwenburgh; Sylvain Lefort; Renaud Legouis; Jinzhi Lei; Qun-Ying Lei; David A Leib; Gil Leibowitz; Istvan Lekli; Stéphane D Lemaire; John J Lemasters; Marius K Lemberg; Antoinette Lemoine; Shuilong Leng; Guido Lenz; Paola Lenzi; Lilach O Lerman; Daniele Lettieri Barbato; Julia I-Ju Leu; Hing Y Leung; Beth Levine; Patrick A Lewis; Frank Lezoualc'h; Chi Li; Faqiang Li; Feng-Jun Li; Jun Li; Ke Li; Lian Li; Min Li; Min Li; Qiang Li; Rui Li; Sheng Li; Wei Li; Wei Li; Xiaotao Li; Yumin Li; Jiqin Lian; Chengyu Liang; Qiangrong Liang; Yulin Liao; Joana Liberal; Pawel P Liberski; Pearl Lie; Andrew P Lieberman; Hyunjung Jade Lim; Kah-Leong Lim; Kyu Lim; Raquel T Lima; Chang-Shen Lin; Chiou-Feng Lin; Fang Lin; Fangming Lin; Fu-Cheng Lin; Kui Lin; Kwang-Huei Lin; Pei-Hui Lin; Tianwei Lin; Wan-Wan Lin; Yee-Shin Lin; Yong Lin; Rafael Linden; Dan Lindholm; Lisa M Lindqvist; Paul Lingor; Andreas Linkermann; Lance A Liotta; Marta M Lipinski; Vitor A Lira; Michael P Lisanti; Paloma B Liton; Bo Liu; Chong Liu; Chun-Feng Liu; Fei Liu; Hung-Jen Liu; Jianxun Liu; Jing-Jing Liu; Jing-Lan Liu; Ke Liu; Leyuan Liu; Liang Liu; Quentin Liu; Rong-Yu Liu; Shiming Liu; Shuwen Liu; Wei Liu; Xian-De Liu; Xiangguo Liu; Xiao-Hong Liu; Xinfeng Liu; Xu Liu; Xueqin Liu; Yang Liu; Yule Liu; Zexian Liu; Zhe Liu; Juan P Liuzzi; Gérard Lizard; Mila Ljujic; Irfan J Lodhi; Susan E Logue; Bal L Lokeshwar; Yun Chau Long; Sagar Lonial; Benjamin Loos; Carlos López-Otín; Cristina López-Vicario; Mar Lorente; Philip L Lorenzi; Péter Lõrincz; Marek Los; Michael T Lotze; Penny E Lovat; Binfeng Lu; Bo Lu; Jiahong Lu; Qing Lu; She-Min Lu; Shuyan Lu; Yingying Lu; Frédéric Luciano; Shirley Luckhart; John Milton Lucocq; Paula Ludovico; Aurelia Lugea; Nicholas W Lukacs; Julian J Lum; Anders H Lund; Honglin Luo; Jia Luo; Shouqing Luo; Claudio Luparello; Timothy Lyons; Jianjie Ma; Yi Ma; Yong Ma; Zhenyi Ma; Juliano Machado; Glaucia M Machado-Santelli; Fernando Macian; Gustavo C MacIntosh; Jeffrey P MacKeigan; Kay F Macleod; John D MacMicking; Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow; Frank Madeo; Muniswamy Madesh; Julio Madrigal-Matute; Akiko Maeda; Tatsuya Maeda; Gustavo Maegawa; Emilia Maellaro; Hannelore Maes; Marta Magariños; Kenneth Maiese; Tapas K Maiti; Luigi Maiuri; Maria Chiara Maiuri; Carl G Maki; Roland Malli; Walter Malorni; Alina Maloyan; Fathia Mami-Chouaib; Na Man; Joseph D Mancias; Eva-Maria Mandelkow; Michael A Mandell; Angelo A Manfredi; Serge N Manié; Claudia Manzoni; Kai Mao; Zixu Mao; Zong-Wan Mao; Philippe Marambaud; Anna Maria Marconi; Zvonimir Marelja; Gabriella Marfe; Marta Margeta; Eva Margittai; Muriel Mari; Francesca V Mariani; Concepcio Marin; Sara Marinelli; Guillermo Mariño; Ivanka Markovic; Rebecca Marquez; Alberto M Martelli; Sascha Martens; Katie R Martin; Seamus J Martin; Shaun Martin; Miguel A Martin-Acebes; Paloma Martín-Sanz; Camille Martinand-Mari; Wim Martinet; Jennifer Martinez; Nuria Martinez-Lopez; Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn; Moisés Martínez-Velázquez; Marta Martinez-Vicente; Waleska Kerllen Martins; Hirosato Mashima; James A Mastrianni; Giuseppe Matarese; Paola Matarrese; Roberto Mateo; Satoaki Matoba; Naomichi Matsumoto; Takehiko Matsushita; Akira Matsuura; Takeshi Matsuzawa; Mark P Mattson; Soledad Matus; Norma Maugeri; Caroline Mauvezin; Andreas Mayer; Dusica Maysinger; Guillermo D Mazzolini; Mary Kate McBrayer; Kimberly McCall; Craig McCormick; Gerald M McInerney; Skye C McIver; Sharon McKenna; John J McMahon; Iain A McNeish; Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou; Jan Paul Medema; Diego L Medina; Klara Megyeri; Maryam Mehrpour; Jawahar L Mehta; Yide Mei; Ute-Christiane Meier; Alfred J Meijer; Alicia Meléndez; Gerry Melino; Sonia Melino; Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo; Maria A Mena; Marc D Meneghini; Javier A Menendez; Regina Menezes; Liesu Meng; Ling-Hua Meng; Songshu Meng; Rossella Menghini; A Sue Menko; Rubem Fs Menna-Barreto; Manoj B Menon; Marco A Meraz-Ríos; Giuseppe Merla; Luciano Merlini; Angelica M Merlot; Andreas Meryk; Stefania Meschini; Joel N Meyer; Man-Tian Mi; Chao-Yu Miao; Lucia Micale; Simon Michaeli; Carine Michiels; Anna Rita Migliaccio; Anastasia Susie Mihailidou; Dalibor Mijaljica; Katsuhiko Mikoshiba; Enrico Milan; Leonor Miller-Fleming; Gordon B Mills; Ian G Mills; Georgia Minakaki; Berge A Minassian; Xiu-Fen Ming; Farida Minibayeva; Elena A Minina; Justine D Mintern; Saverio Minucci; Antonio Miranda-Vizuete; Claire H Mitchell; Shigeki Miyamoto; Keisuke Miyazawa; Noboru Mizushima; Katarzyna Mnich; Baharia Mograbi; Simin Mohseni; Luis Ferreira Moita; Marco Molinari; Maurizio Molinari; Andreas Buch Møller; Bertrand Mollereau; Faustino Mollinedo; Marco Mongillo; Martha M Monick; Serena Montagnaro; Craig Montell; Darren J Moore; Michael N Moore; Rodrigo Mora-Rodriguez; Paula I Moreira; Etienne Morel; Maria Beatrice Morelli; Sandra Moreno; Michael J Morgan; Arnaud Moris; Yuji Moriyasu; Janna L Morrison; Lynda A Morrison; Eugenia Morselli; Jorge Moscat; Pope L Moseley; Serge Mostowy; Elisa Motori; Denis Mottet; Jeremy C Mottram; Charbel E-H Moussa; Vassiliki E Mpakou; Hasan Mukhtar; Jean M Mulcahy Levy; Sylviane Muller; Raquel Muñoz-Moreno; Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo; Christian Münz; Maureen E Murphy; James T Murray; Aditya Murthy; Indira U Mysorekar; Ivan R Nabi; Massimo Nabissi; Gustavo A Nader; Yukitoshi Nagahara; Yoshitaka Nagai; Kazuhiro Nagata; Anika Nagelkerke; Péter Nagy; Samisubbu R Naidu; Sreejayan Nair; Hiroyasu Nakano; Hitoshi Nakatogawa; Meera Nanjundan; Gennaro Napolitano; Naweed I Naqvi; Roberta Nardacci; Derek P Narendra; Masashi Narita; Anna Chiara Nascimbeni; Ramesh Natarajan; Luiz C Navegantes; Steffan T Nawrocki; Taras Y Nazarko; Volodymyr Y Nazarko; Thomas Neill; Luca M Neri; Mihai G Netea; Romana T Netea-Maier; Bruno M Neves; Paul A Ney; Ioannis P Nezis; Hang Tt Nguyen; Huu Phuc Nguyen; Anne-Sophie Nicot; Hilde Nilsen; Per Nilsson; Mikio Nishimura; Ichizo Nishino; Mireia Niso-Santano; Hua Niu; Ralph A Nixon; Vincent Co Njar; Takeshi Noda; Angelika A Noegel; Elsie Magdalena Nolte; Erik Norberg; Koenraad K Norga; Sakineh Kazemi Noureini; Shoji Notomi; Lucia Notterpek; Karin Nowikovsky; Nobuyuki Nukina; Thorsten Nürnberger; Valerie B O'Donnell; Tracey O'Donovan; Peter J O'Dwyer; Ina Oehme; Clara L Oeste; Michinaga Ogawa; Besim Ogretmen; Yuji Ogura; Young J Oh; Masaki Ohmuraya; Takayuki Ohshima; Rani Ojha; Koji Okamoto; Toshiro Okazaki; F Javier Oliver; Karin Ollinger; Stefan Olsson; Daniel P Orban; Paulina Ordonez; Idil Orhon; Laszlo Orosz; Eyleen J O'Rourke; Helena Orozco; Angel L Ortega; Elena Ortona; Laura D Osellame; Junko Oshima; Shigeru Oshima; Heinz D Osiewacz; Takanobu Otomo; Kinya Otsu; Jing-Hsiung James Ou; Tiago F Outeiro; Dong-Yun Ouyang; Hongjiao Ouyang; Michael Overholtzer; Michelle A Ozbun; P Hande Ozdinler; Bulent Ozpolat; Consiglia Pacelli; Paolo Paganetti; Guylène Page; Gilles Pages; Ugo Pagnini; Beata Pajak; Stephen C Pak; Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka; Nazzy Pakpour; Zdena Palková; Francesca Palladino; Kathrin Pallauf; Nicolas Pallet; Marta Palmieri; Søren R Paludan; Camilla Palumbo; Silvia Palumbo; Olatz Pampliega; Hongming Pan; Wei Pan; Theocharis Panaretakis; Aseem Pandey; Areti Pantazopoulou; Zuzana Papackova; Daniela L Papademetrio; Issidora Papassideri; Alessio Papini; Nirmala Parajuli; Julian Pardo; Vrajesh V Parekh; Giancarlo Parenti; Jong-In Park; Junsoo Park; Ohkmae K Park; Roy Parker; Rosanna Parlato; Jan B Parys; Katherine R Parzych; Jean-Max Pasquet; Benoit Pasquier; Kishore Bs Pasumarthi; Daniel Patschan; Cam Patterson; Sophie Pattingre; Scott Pattison; Arnim Pause; Hermann Pavenstädt; Flaminia Pavone; Zully Pedrozo; Fernando J Peña; Miguel A Peñalva; Mario Pende; Jianxin Peng; Fabio Penna; Josef M Penninger; Anna Pensalfini; Salvatore Pepe; Gustavo Js Pereira; Paulo C Pereira; Verónica Pérez-de la Cruz; María Esther Pérez-Pérez; Diego Pérez-Rodríguez; Dolores Pérez-Sala; Celine Perier; Andras Perl; David H Perlmutter; Ida Perrotta; Shazib Pervaiz; Maija Pesonen; Jeffrey E Pessin; Godefridus J Peters; Morten Petersen; Irina Petrache; Basil J Petrof; Goran Petrovski; James M Phang; Mauro Piacentini; Marina Pierdominici; Philippe Pierre; Valérie Pierrefite-Carle; Federico Pietrocola; Felipe X Pimentel-Muiños; Mario Pinar; Benjamin Pineda; Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski; Marcello Pinti; Paolo Pinton; Bilal Piperdi; James M Piret; Leonidas C Platanias; Harald W Platta; Edward D Plowey; Stefanie Pöggeler; Marc Poirot; Peter Polčic; Angelo Poletti; Audrey H Poon; Hana Popelka; Blagovesta Popova; Izabela Poprawa; Shibu M Poulose; Joanna Poulton; Scott K Powers; Ted Powers; Mercedes Pozuelo-Rubio; Krisna Prak; Reinhild Prange; Mark Prescott; Muriel Priault; Sharon Prince; Richard L Proia; Tassula Proikas-Cezanne; Holger Prokisch; Vasilis J Promponas; Karin Przyklenk; Rosa Puertollano; Subbiah Pugazhenthi; Luigi Puglielli; Aurora Pujol; Julien Puyal; Dohun Pyeon; Xin Qi; Wen-Bin Qian; Zheng-Hong Qin; Yu Qiu; Ziwei Qu; Joe Quadrilatero; Frederick Quinn; Nina Raben; Hannah Rabinowich; Flavia Radogna; Michael J Ragusa; Mohamed Rahmani; Komal Raina; Sasanka Ramanadham; Rajagopal Ramesh; Abdelhaq Rami; Sarron Randall-Demllo; Felix Randow; Hai Rao; V Ashutosh Rao; Blake B Rasmussen; Tobias M Rasse; Edward A Ratovitski; Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou; Swapan K Ray; Babak Razani; Bruce H Reed; Fulvio Reggiori; Markus Rehm; Andreas S Reichert; Theo Rein; David J Reiner; Eric Reits; Jun Ren; Xingcong Ren; Maurizio Renna; Jane Eb Reusch; Jose L Revuelta; Leticia Reyes; Alireza R Rezaie; Robert I Richards; Des R Richardson; Clémence Richetta; Michael A Riehle; Bertrand H Rihn; Yasuko Rikihisa; Brigit E Riley; Gerald Rimbach; Maria Rita Rippo; Konstantinos Ritis; Federica Rizzi; Elizete Rizzo; Peter J Roach; Jeffrey Robbins; Michel Roberge; Gabriela Roca; Maria Carmela Roccheri; Sonia Rocha; Cecilia Mp Rodrigues; Clara I Rodríguez; Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba; Natalia Rodriguez-Muela; Jeroen Roelofs; Vladimir V Rogov; Troy T Rohn; Bärbel Rohrer; Davide Romanelli; Luigina Romani; Patricia Silvia Romano; M Isabel G Roncero; Jose Luis Rosa; Alicia Rosello; Kirill V Rosen; Philip Rosenstiel; Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska; Kevin A Roth; Gael Roué; Mustapha Rouis; Kasper M Rouschop; Daniel T Ruan; Diego Ruano; David C Rubinsztein; Edmund B Rucker; Assaf Rudich; Emil Rudolf; Ruediger Rudolf; Markus A Ruegg; Carmen Ruiz-Roldan; Avnika Ashok Ruparelia; Paola Rusmini; David W Russ; Gian Luigi Russo; Giuseppe Russo; Rossella Russo; Tor Erik Rusten; Victoria Ryabovol; Kevin M Ryan; Stefan W Ryter; David M Sabatini; Michael Sacher; Carsten Sachse; Michael N Sack; Junichi Sadoshima; Paul Saftig; Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg; Sumit Sahni; Pothana Saikumar; Tsunenori Saito; Tatsuya Saitoh; Koichi Sakakura; Machiko Sakoh-Nakatogawa; Yasuhito Sakuraba; María Salazar-Roa; Paolo Salomoni; Ashok K Saluja; Paul M Salvaterra; Rosa Salvioli; Afshin Samali; Anthony Mj Sanchez; José A Sánchez-Alcázar; Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto; Marco Sandri; Miguel A Sanjuan; Stefano Santaguida; Laura Santambrogio; Giorgio Santoni; Claudia Nunes Dos Santos; Shweta Saran; Marco Sardiello; Graeme Sargent; Pallabi Sarkar; Sovan Sarkar; Maria Rosa Sarrias; Minnie M Sarwal; Chihiro Sasakawa; Motoko Sasaki; Miklos Sass; Ken Sato; Miyuki Sato; Joseph Satriano; Niramol Savaraj; Svetlana Saveljeva; Liliana Schaefer; Ulrich E Schaible; Michael Scharl; Hermann M Schatzl; Randy Schekman; Wiep Scheper; Alfonso Schiavi; Hyman M Schipper; Hana Schmeisser; Jens Schmidt; Ingo Schmitz; Bianca E Schneider; E Marion Schneider; Jaime L Schneider; Eric A Schon; Miriam J Schönenberger; Axel H Schönthal; Daniel F Schorderet; Bernd Schröder; Sebastian Schuck; Ryan J Schulze; Melanie Schwarten; Thomas L Schwarz; Sebastiano Sciarretta; Kathleen Scotto; A Ivana Scovassi; Robert A Screaton; Mark Screen; Hugo Seca; Simon Sedej; Laura Segatori; Nava Segev; Per O Seglen; Jose M Seguí-Simarro; Juan Segura-Aguilar; Ekihiro Seki; Christian Sell; Iban Seiliez; Clay F Semenkovich; Gregg L Semenza; Utpal Sen; Andreas L Serra; Ana Serrano-Puebla; Hiromi Sesaki; Takao Setoguchi; Carmine Settembre; John J Shacka; Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq; Irving M Shapiro; Shweta Sharma; Hua She; C-K James Shen; Chiung-Chyi Shen; Han-Ming Shen; Sanbing Shen; Weili Shen; Rui Sheng; Xianyong Sheng; Zu-Hang Sheng; Trevor G Shepherd; Junyan Shi; Qiang Shi; Qinghua Shi; Yuguang Shi; Shusaku Shibutani; Kenichi Shibuya; Yoshihiro Shidoji; Jeng-Jer Shieh; Chwen-Ming Shih; Yohta Shimada; Shigeomi Shimizu; Dong Wook Shin; Mari L Shinohara; Michiko Shintani; Takahiro Shintani; Tetsuo Shioi; Ken Shirabe; Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov; Orian Shirihai; Gordon C Shore; Chih-Wen Shu; Deepak Shukla; Andriy A Sibirny; Valentina Sica; Christina J Sigurdson; Einar M Sigurdsson; Puran Singh Sijwali; Beata Sikorska; Wilian A Silveira; Sandrine Silvente-Poirot; Gary A Silverman; Jan Simak; Thomas Simmet; Anna Katharina Simon; Hans-Uwe Simon; Cristiano Simone; Matias Simons; Anne Simonsen; Rajat Singh; Shivendra V Singh; Shrawan K Singh; Debasish Sinha; Sangita Sinha; Frank A Sinicrope; Agnieszka Sirko; Kapil Sirohi; Balindiwe Jn Sishi; Annie Sittler; Parco M Siu; Efthimios Sivridis; Anna Skwarska; Ruth Slack; Iva Slaninová; Nikolai Slavov; Soraya S Smaili; Keiran Sm Smalley; Duncan R Smith; Stefaan J Soenen; Scott A Soleimanpour; Anita Solhaug; Kumaravel Somasundaram; Jin H Son; Avinash Sonawane; Chunjuan Song; Fuyong Song; Hyun Kyu Song; Ju-Xian Song; Wei Song; Kai Y Soo; Anil K Sood; Tuck Wah Soong; Virawudh Soontornniyomkij; Maurizio Sorice; Federica Sotgia; David R Soto-Pantoja; Areechun Sotthibundhu; Maria João Sousa; Herman P Spaink; Paul N Span; Anne Spang; Janet D Sparks; Peter G Speck; Stephen A Spector; Claudia D Spies; Wolfdieter Springer; Daret St Clair; Alessandra Stacchiotti; Bart Staels; Michael T Stang; Daniel T Starczynowski; Petro Starokadomskyy; Clemens Steegborn; John W Steele; Leonidas Stefanis; Joan Steffan; Christine M Stellrecht; Harald Stenmark; Tomasz M Stepkowski; Stęphan T Stern; Craig Stevens; Brent R Stockwell; Veronika Stoka; Zuzana Storchova; Björn Stork; Vassilis Stratoulias; Dimitrios J Stravopodis; Pavel Strnad; Anne Marie Strohecker; Anna-Lena Ström; Per Stromhaug; Jiri Stulik; Yu-Xiong Su; Zhaoliang Su; Carlos S Subauste; Srinivasa Subramaniam; Carolyn M Sue; Sang Won Suh; Xinbing Sui; Supawadee Sukseree; David Sulzer; Fang-Lin Sun; Jiaren Sun; Jun Sun; Shi-Yong Sun; Yang Sun; Yi Sun; Yingjie Sun; Vinod Sundaramoorthy; Joseph Sung; Hidekazu Suzuki; Kuninori Suzuki; Naoki Suzuki; Tadashi Suzuki; Yuichiro J Suzuki; Michele S Swanson; Charles Swanton; Karl Swärd; Ghanshyam Swarup; Sean T Sweeney; Paul W Sylvester; Zsuzsanna Szatmari; Eva Szegezdi; Peter W Szlosarek; Heinrich Taegtmeyer; Marco Tafani; Emmanuel Taillebourg; Stephen Wg Tait; Krisztina Takacs-Vellai; Yoshinori Takahashi; Szabolcs Takáts; Genzou Takemura; Nagio Takigawa; Nicholas J Talbot; Elena Tamagno; Jerome Tamburini; Cai-Ping Tan; Lan Tan; Mei Lan Tan; Ming Tan; Yee-Joo Tan; Keiji Tanaka; Masaki Tanaka; Daolin Tang; Dingzhong Tang; Guomei Tang; Isei Tanida; Kunikazu Tanji; Bakhos A Tannous; Jose A Tapia; Inmaculada Tasset-Cuevas; Marc Tatar; Iman Tavassoly; Nektarios Tavernarakis; Allen Taylor; Graham S Taylor; Gregory A Taylor; J Paul Taylor; Mark J Taylor; Elena V Tchetina; Andrew R Tee; Fatima Teixeira-Clerc; Sucheta Telang; Tewin Tencomnao; Ba-Bie Teng; Ru-Jeng Teng; Faraj Terro; Gianluca Tettamanti; Arianne L Theiss; Anne E Theron; Kelly Jean Thomas; Marcos P Thomé; Paul G Thomes; Andrew Thorburn; Jeremy Thorner; Thomas Thum; Michael Thumm; Teresa Lm Thurston; Ling Tian; Andreas Till; Jenny Pan-Yun Ting; Vladimir I Titorenko; Lilach Toker; Stefano Toldo; Sharon A Tooze; Ivan Topisirovic; Maria Lyngaas Torgersen; Liliana Torosantucci; Alicia Torriglia; Maria Rosaria Torrisi; Cathy Tournier; Roberto Towns; Vladimir Trajkovic; Leonardo H Travassos; Gemma Triola; Durga Nand Tripathi; Daniela Trisciuoglio; Rodrigo Troncoso; Ioannis P Trougakos; Anita C Truttmann; Kuen-Jer Tsai; Mario P Tschan; Yi-Hsin Tseng; Takayuki Tsukuba; Allan Tsung; Andrey S Tsvetkov; Shuiping Tu; Hsing-Yu Tuan; Marco Tucci; David A Tumbarello; Boris Turk; Vito Turk; Robin Fb Turner; Anders A Tveita; Suresh C Tyagi; Makoto Ubukata; Yasuo Uchiyama; Andrej Udelnow; Takashi Ueno; Midori Umekawa; Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji; Benjamin R Underwood; Christian Ungermann; Rodrigo P Ureshino; Ryo Ushioda; Vladimir N Uversky; Néstor L Uzcátegui; Thomas Vaccari; Maria I Vaccaro; Libuše Váchová; Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg; Rut Valdor; Enza Maria Valente; Francois Vallette; Angela M Valverde; Greet Van den Berghe; Ludo Van Den Bosch; Gijs R van den Brink; F Gisou van der Goot; Ida J van der Klei; Luc Jw van der Laan; Wouter G van Doorn; Marjolein van Egmond; Kenneth L van Golen; Luc Van Kaer; Menno van Lookeren Campagne; Peter Vandenabeele; Wim Vandenberghe; Ilse Vanhorebeek; Isabel Varela-Nieto; M Helena Vasconcelos; Radovan Vasko; Demetrios G Vavvas; Ignacio Vega-Naredo; Guillermo Velasco; Athanassios D Velentzas; Panagiotis D Velentzas; Tibor Vellai; Edo Vellenga; Mikkel Holm Vendelbo; Kartik Venkatachalam; Natascia Ventura; Salvador Ventura; Patrícia St Veras; Mireille Verdier; Beata G Vertessy; Andrea Viale; Michel Vidal; Helena L A Vieira; Richard D Vierstra; Nadarajah Vigneswaran; Neeraj Vij; Miquel Vila; Margarita Villar; Victor H Villar; Joan Villarroya; Cécile Vindis; Giampietro Viola; Maria Teresa Viscomi; Giovanni Vitale; Dan T Vogl; Olga V Voitsekhovskaja; Clarissa von Haefen; Karin von Schwarzenberg; Daniel E Voth; Valérie Vouret-Craviari; Kristina Vuori; Jatin M Vyas; Christian Waeber; Cheryl Lyn Walker; Mark J Walker; Jochen Walter; Lei Wan; Xiangbo Wan; Bo Wang; Caihong Wang; Chao-Yung Wang; Chengshu Wang; Chenran Wang; Chuangui Wang; Dong Wang; Fen Wang; Fuxin Wang; Guanghui Wang; Hai-Jie Wang; Haichao Wang; Hong-Gang Wang; Hongmin Wang; Horng-Dar Wang; Jing Wang; Junjun Wang; Mei Wang; Mei-Qing Wang; Pei-Yu Wang; Peng Wang; Richard C Wang; Shuo Wang; Ting-Fang Wang; Xian Wang; Xiao-Jia Wang; Xiao-Wei Wang; Xin Wang; Xuejun Wang; Yan Wang; Yanming Wang; Ying Wang; Ying-Jan Wang; Yipeng Wang; Yu Wang; Yu Tian Wang; Yuqing Wang; Zhi-Nong Wang; Pablo Wappner; Carl Ward; Diane McVey Ward; Gary Warnes; Hirotaka Watada; Yoshihisa Watanabe; Kei Watase; Timothy E Weaver; Colin D Weekes; Jiwu Wei; Thomas Weide; Conrad C Weihl; Günther Weindl; Simone Nardin Weis; Longping Wen; Xin Wen; Yunfei Wen; Benedikt Westermann; Cornelia M Weyand; Anthony R White; Eileen White; J Lindsay Whitton; Alexander J Whitworth; Joëlle Wiels; Franziska Wild; Manon E Wildenberg; Tom Wileman; Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson; Simon Wilkinson; Dieter Willbold; Chris Williams; Katherine Williams; Peter R Williamson; Konstanze F Winklhofer; Steven S Witkin; Stephanie E Wohlgemuth; Thomas Wollert; Ernst J Wolvetang; Esther Wong; G William Wong; Richard W Wong; Vincent Kam Wai Wong; Elizabeth A Woodcock; Karen L Wright; Chunlai Wu; Defeng Wu; Gen Sheng Wu; Jian Wu; Junfang Wu; Mian Wu; Min Wu; Shengzhou Wu; William Kk Wu; Yaohua Wu; Zhenlong Wu; Cristina Pr Xavier; Ramnik J Xavier; Gui-Xian Xia; Tian Xia; Weiliang Xia; Yong Xia; Hengyi Xiao; Jian Xiao; Shi Xiao; Wuhan Xiao; Chuan-Ming Xie; Zhiping Xie; Zhonglin Xie; Maria Xilouri; Yuyan Xiong; Chuanshan Xu; Congfeng Xu; Feng Xu; Haoxing Xu; Hongwei Xu; Jian Xu; Jianzhen Xu; Jinxian Xu; Liang Xu; Xiaolei Xu; Yangqing Xu; Ye Xu; Zhi-Xiang Xu; Ziheng Xu; Yu Xue; Takahiro Yamada; Ai Yamamoto; Koji Yamanaka; Shunhei Yamashina; Shigeko Yamashiro; Bing Yan; Bo Yan; Xianghua Yan; Zhen Yan; Yasuo Yanagi; Dun-Sheng Yang; Jin-Ming Yang; Liu Yang; Minghua Yang; Pei-Ming Yang; Peixin Yang; Qian Yang; Wannian Yang; Wei Yuan Yang; Xuesong Yang; Yi Yang; Ying Yang; Zhifen Yang; Zhihong Yang; Meng-Chao Yao; Pamela J Yao; Xiaofeng Yao; Zhenyu Yao; Zhiyuan Yao; Linda S Yasui; Mingxiang Ye; Barry Yedvobnick; Behzad Yeganeh; Elizabeth S Yeh; Patricia L Yeyati; Fan Yi; Long Yi; Xiao-Ming Yin; Calvin K Yip; Yeong-Min Yoo; Young Hyun Yoo; Seung-Yong Yoon; Ken-Ichi Yoshida; Tamotsu Yoshimori; Ken H Young; Huixin Yu; Jane J Yu; Jin-Tai Yu; Jun Yu; Li Yu; W Haung Yu; Xiao-Fang Yu; Zhengping Yu; Junying Yuan; Zhi-Min Yuan; Beatrice Yjt Yue; Jianbo Yue; Zhenyu Yue; David N Zacks; Eldad Zacksenhaus; Nadia Zaffaroni; Tania Zaglia; Zahra Zakeri; Vincent Zecchini; Jinsheng Zeng; Min Zeng; Qi Zeng; Antonis S Zervos; Donna D Zhang; Fan Zhang; Guo Zhang; Guo-Chang Zhang; Hao Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hongbing Zhang; Jian Zhang; Jian Zhang; Jiangwei Zhang; Jianhua Zhang; Jing-Pu Zhang; Li Zhang; Lin Zhang; Lin Zhang; Long Zhang; Ming-Yong Zhang; Xiangnan Zhang; Xu Dong Zhang; Yan Zhang; Yang Zhang; Yanjin Zhang; Yingmei Zhang; Yunjiao Zhang; Mei Zhao; Wei-Li Zhao; Xiaonan Zhao; Yan G Zhao; Ying Zhao; Yongchao Zhao; Yu-Xia Zhao; Zhendong Zhao; Zhizhuang J Zhao; Dexian Zheng; Xi-Long Zheng; Xiaoxiang Zheng; Boris Zhivotovsky; Qing Zhong; Guang-Zhou Zhou; Guofei Zhou; Huiping Zhou; Shu-Feng Zhou; Xu-Jie Zhou; Hongxin Zhu; Hua Zhu; Wei-Guo Zhu; Wenhua Zhu; Xiao-Feng Zhu; Yuhua Zhu; Shi-Mei Zhuang; Xiaohong Zhuang; Elio Ziparo; Christos E Zois; Teresa Zoladek; Wei-Xing Zong; Antonio Zorzano; Susu M Zughaier
Journal: Autophagy Date: 2016 Impact factor: 16.016

10. Involvement of Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mollugin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

Authors: Young-Man Lee; Q-Schick Auh; Deok-Won Lee; Jun-Yeol Kim; Ha-Jin Jung; Seung-Ho Lee; Eun-Cheol Kim
Journal: Biomed Res Int Date: 2013-05-02 Impact factor: 3.411

3 in total

1. Therapeutic potential of biogenic and optimized silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia L. leaf extract.

Authors: Sandip Kumar Chandraker; Mishri Lal; Farheen Khanam; Preeti Dhruve; Rana P Singh; Ravindra Shukla
Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2022-05-25 Impact factor: 4.996

2. The Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Bound Phenolics in Three Legumes, and Their Metabolism and Bioaccessibility of Gastrointestinal Tract.

Authors: Liuying Zhu; Wenting Li; Zeyuan Deng; Hongyan Li; Bing Zhang
Journal: Foods Date: 2020-12-07

3. Identification and quantification of target metabolites combined with transcriptome of two rheum species focused on anthraquinone and flavonoids biosynthesis.

Authors: Jing Liu; Liang Leng; Yan Liu; Han Gao; Wei Yang; Sha Chen; An Liu
Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2020-11-20 Impact factor: 4.379

3 in total