Ping Wang1, He Zhu2, Hakmook Kang3, John C Gore2. 1. Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: p.wang@vanderbilt.edu. 2. Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. 3. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the magnitude of chemical exchange effects and R1ρ dispersion in muscle and their relationship to tissue sodium levels with aging. METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers (aged 24 to 87years, median age 47) underwent MRI to assess tissue sodium levels and water T1ρ values at different spin-locking frequencies in calf muscles. T1ρ values at each locking field were computed based on a three-parameter mono-exponential model to fit signals obtained at different locking times, and R1ρ (=1/T1ρ) rates were compared at different locking fields. In particular, the dispersion of R1ρ (ΔR1ρ=R1ρ(0Hz)-R1ρ(500Hz)) was examined as a function of subject age. Muscle sodium content was calculated by comparing signal intensities between tissues and reference standards within the same image. The variations of ΔR1ρ with age and sodium were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: T1ρ values and sodium content both increased with age. R1ρ dispersion also increased with age and showed a strong linear correlation (correlation coefficient r=0.98, P=0.000578) with sodium content. CONCLUSION: ΔR1ρ reports on the contribution of labile protons such as hydroxyls which may be associated with macromolecule accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM). An increase of sodium signal suggests an enlarged ECM volume fraction and/or an increase in sodium concentration, which occurs during normal aging. The strong correlation between ΔR1ρ and sodium is likely the consequence of increased ECM and density of total charged sites within the matrix from molecules such as collagens and proteoglycans. The results from this study show the potential use of R1ρ dispersion and sodium imaging in the assessment of pathological changes in muscle such as fibrosis.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the magnitude of chemical exchange effects and R1ρ dispersion in muscle and their relationship to tissue sodium levels with aging. METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers (aged 24 to 87years, median age 47) underwent MRI to assess tissue sodium levels and water T1ρ values at different spin-locking frequencies in calf muscles. T1ρ values at each locking field were computed based on a three-parameter mono-exponential model to fit signals obtained at different locking times, and R1ρ (=1/T1ρ) rates were compared at different locking fields. In particular, the dispersion of R1ρ (ΔR1ρ=R1ρ(0Hz)-R1ρ(500Hz)) was examined as a function of subject age. Muscle sodium content was calculated by comparing signal intensities between tissues and reference standards within the same image. The variations of ΔR1ρ with age and sodium were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: T1ρ values and sodium content both increased with age. R1ρ dispersion also increased with age and showed a strong linear correlation (correlation coefficient r=0.98, P=0.000578) with sodium content. CONCLUSION: ΔR1ρ reports on the contribution of labile protons such as hydroxyls which may be associated with macromolecule accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM). An increase of sodium signal suggests an enlarged ECM volume fraction and/or an increase in sodium concentration, which occurs during normal aging. The strong correlation between ΔR1ρ and sodium is likely the consequence of increased ECM and density of total charged sites within the matrix from molecules such as collagens and proteoglycans. The results from this study show the potential use of R1ρ dispersion and sodium imaging in the assessment of pathological changes in muscle such as fibrosis.
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