In Vivo Biosensing: Progress and Perspectives.

In vivo biosensors are emerging as powerful tools in biomedical research and diagnostic medicine. Distinct from "labels" or "imaging", in vivo biosensors are designed for continuous and long-term monitoring of target analytes in real biological systems and should be selective, sensitive, reversible and biocompatible. Due to the challenges associated with meeting all of the analytical requirements, we found relatively few reports of research groups demonstrating devices that meet the strict definition in vivo. However, we identified several case studies and a range of emerging materials likely to lead to significant developments in the field.