Shari L Meyerson1, Joel M Sternbach2, Joseph B Zwischenberger3, Edward M Bender4. 1. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address: smeyerso@nm.org. 2. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 3. Department of Surgery, University of Kentuky, Lexington, Kentucky. 4. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Discrimination against women training in medicine and surgery has been subjectively described for decades. This study objectively documents gender differences in the degree of autonomy given to thoracic surgery trainees in the operating room. DESIGN: Thoracic surgery residents and faculty underwent frame of reference training on the use of the 4-point Zwisch scale to measure operative autonomy. Residents and faculty then submitted evaluations of their perception of autonomy granted for individual operations as well as operative difficulty on a real-time basis using the "Zwisch Me!!" mobile application. Differences in autonomy given to male and female residents were elucidated using chi-square analysis and ordered logistic regression. SETTING: Seven academic medical centers with thoracic surgery training programs. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer thoracic surgery residents in both integrated and traditional training pathways and their affiliated cardiothoracic faculty. RESULTS: Residents (n = 33, female 18%) submitted a total of 596 evaluations to faculty (n = 48, female 12%). Faculty gave less autonomy to female residents with only 56 of 184 evaluations (30.3%) showing meaningful autonomy (passive help or supervision only) compared to 107 of 292 evaluations (36.7%) at those levels for male residents (p = 0.02). Resident perceptions of autonomy showed even more pronounced differences with female residents receiving only 38 of 197 evaluations (19.3%) with meaningful autonomy compared to 133 of 399 evaluations (33.3%) for male residents (p < 0.001). Potential influencing factors explored included attending gender and specialty, case type and difficulty, and resident level of training. In multivariate analysis, only case difficultly, resident gender, and level of training were significantly related to autonomy granted to residents. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations of operative autonomy reveal a significant bias against female residents. Faculty education is needed to encourage allowing female residents more operative autonomy.
OBJECTIVE: Discrimination against women training in medicine and surgery has been subjectively described for decades. This study objectively documents gender differences in the degree of autonomy given to thoracic surgery trainees in the operating room. DESIGN: Thoracic surgery residents and faculty underwent frame of reference training on the use of the 4-point Zwisch scale to measure operative autonomy. Residents and faculty then submitted evaluations of their perception of autonomy granted for individual operations as well as operative difficulty on a real-time basis using the "Zwisch Me!!" mobile application. Differences in autonomy given to male and female residents were elucidated using chi-square analysis and ordered logistic regression. SETTING: Seven academic medical centers with thoracic surgery training programs. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer thoracic surgery residents in both integrated and traditional training pathways and their affiliated cardiothoracic faculty. RESULTS: Residents (n = 33, female 18%) submitted a total of 596 evaluations to faculty (n = 48, female 12%). Faculty gave less autonomy to female residents with only 56 of 184 evaluations (30.3%) showing meaningful autonomy (passive help or supervision only) compared to 107 of 292 evaluations (36.7%) at those levels for male residents (p = 0.02). Resident perceptions of autonomy showed even more pronounced differences with female residents receiving only 38 of 197 evaluations (19.3%) with meaningful autonomy compared to 133 of 399 evaluations (33.3%) for male residents (p < 0.001). Potential influencing factors explored included attending gender and specialty, case type and difficulty, and resident level of training. In multivariate analysis, only case difficultly, resident gender, and level of training were significantly related to autonomy granted to residents. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations of operative autonomy reveal a significant bias against female residents. Faculty education is needed to encourage allowing female residents more operative autonomy.
Authors: Gideon Blumstein; Brian Zukotynski; Nicolas Cevallos; Chad Ishmael; Steven Zoller; Zach Burke; Samuel Clarkson; Howard Park; Nicholas Bernthal; Nelson F SooHoo Journal: J Surg Educ Date: 2020-02-05 Impact factor: 2.891
Authors: Lindsay E Kuo; Heather G Lyu; Molly P Jarman; Nelya Melnitchouk; Gerard M Doherty; Douglas S Smink; Nancy L Cho Journal: JAMA Surg Date: 2020-09-02 Impact factor: 14.766
Authors: Carisa M Cooney; Pathik Aravind; C Scott Hultman; Kristen P Broderick; Robert A Weber; Sebastian Brooke; Damon S Cooney; Scott D Lifchez Journal: J Grad Med Educ Date: 2021-08-13
Authors: Janae K Heath; Meagan E Alvarado; Caitlin B Clancy; Todd D Barton; Jennifer R Kogan; C Jessica Dine Journal: J Gen Intern Med Date: 2022-06-16 Impact factor: 6.473
Authors: Daniel B Joh; Bert van der Werf; Bridget J Watson; Rowan French; Simon Bann; Elizabeth Dennet; Benjamin P T Loveday Journal: JAMA Surg Date: 2020-11-01 Impact factor: 14.766
Authors: Josie Acuña; Uwe Stolz; Lori A Stolz; Elaine H Situ-LaCasse; Gregory Bell; Ross P Berkeley; Jeremy S Boyd; David Castle; Kristin Carmody; Tiffany Fong; Ekjot Grewal; Robert Jones; SueLin Hilberts; Carolyn Kanter; Kenneth Kelley; Stephen J Leetch; Philip Pazderka; Erica Shaver; Jeffrey R Stowell; Elaine B Josephson; Daniel Theodoro; Srikar Adhikari Journal: AEM Educ Train Date: 2019-10-24
Authors: Sara P Myers; Mohini Dasari; Joshua B Brown; Stephanie T Lumpkin; Matthew D Neal; Kaleab Z Abebe; Nicole Chaumont; Stephanie M Downs-Canner; Meghan R Flanagan; Kenneth K Lee; Matthew R Rosengart Journal: JAMA Surg Date: 2020-07-01 Impact factor: 14.766