Steven C Brooks1, Robert H Schmicker2, Sheldon Cheskes3, Jim Christenson4, Alan Craig5, Mohamud Daya6, Peter J Kudenchuk7, Graham Nichol8, Dana Zive6, Laurie J Morrison9. 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute,St. Micheal's, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: brookss1@kgh.kari.net. 2. Clinical Trial Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 3. Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute,St. Micheal's, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. Providence Health Care Research Institute, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 5. Toronto Emergency Medical Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Retired). 6. Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. 7. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 8. University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Washington, USA. 9. Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute,St. Micheal's, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Some patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) assessed by emergency medical services (EMS) do not receive attempts at resuscitation on the basis of perceived futility. AIMS: 1) To measure variability in the initiation of resuscitation attempts in EMS-assessed OHCA patients across EMS agencies, 2) to evaluate the association between selected EMS agency characteristics and the proportion of patients receiving resuscitation attempts, and 3) to evaluate the association between proportion receiving resuscitation attempts and survival. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using data from 129 EMS agencies participating in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) epidemiologic registry (EPISTRY) - Cardiac Arrest from 12/01/2005 to 12/31/2010. We included non-traumatic OHCA patients assessed by EMS. RESULTS: We included 86,912 OHCA patients. Overall, 54.8% had resuscitation attempted by EMS providers, varying from 23.9% to 100% (p=<0.001) across EMS agencies. The proportion of patients receiving a resuscitation attempt was 7.87% less (95% CI 3.73-12.0) among agencies with longer average response intervals (≥6min) compared with shorter average response intervals (<6min) and 16.9% less (95% CI 11.9-21.9) among agencies with higher levels of advanced life support (ALS) availability (≥50% of available units) compared with lower levels of ALS availability (<50% of available units). There was a moderate positive correlation between the proportion of patients with resuscitation attempts and survival to hospital discharge (r=0.54, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients with OHCA who receive resuscitation attempts is variable across EMS agencies and is associated with EMS response interval, ALS unit availability and geographic region. On average, survival was higher among EMS agencies more likely to initiate resuscitation.
BACKGROUND: Some patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) assessed by emergency medical services (EMS) do not receive attempts at resuscitation on the basis of perceived futility. AIMS: 1) To measure variability in the initiation of resuscitation attempts in EMS-assessed OHCA patients across EMS agencies, 2) to evaluate the association between selected EMS agency characteristics and the proportion of patients receiving resuscitation attempts, and 3) to evaluate the association between proportion receiving resuscitation attempts and survival. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using data from 129 EMS agencies participating in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) epidemiologic registry (EPISTRY) - Cardiac Arrest from 12/01/2005 to 12/31/2010. We included non-traumatic OHCA patients assessed by EMS. RESULTS: We included 86,912 OHCA patients. Overall, 54.8% had resuscitation attempted by EMS providers, varying from 23.9% to 100% (p=<0.001) across EMS agencies. The proportion of patients receiving a resuscitation attempt was 7.87% less (95% CI 3.73-12.0) among agencies with longer average response intervals (≥6min) compared with shorter average response intervals (<6min) and 16.9% less (95% CI 11.9-21.9) among agencies with higher levels of advanced life support (ALS) availability (≥50% of available units) compared with lower levels of ALS availability (<50% of available units). There was a moderate positive correlation between the proportion of patients with resuscitation attempts and survival to hospital discharge (r=0.54, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients with OHCA who receive resuscitation attempts is variable across EMS agencies and is associated with EMS response interval, ALS unit availability and geographic region. On average, survival was higher among EMS agencies more likely to initiate resuscitation.
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