Bengt Linderoth1, Robert D Foreman2. 1. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden. 2. Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) emerged as a direct clinical spin-off from the Gate Control Theory from 1965. Over the last decade, several new modes of SCS have appeared. This review discusses these novel techniques and their hypothetical mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A recent literature search on SCS coupled with the most recent data from poster presentations and congress lectures have been used to illustrate new hypothetical ways of modulating pain. RESULTS: Several physiological and neurochemical mechanisms for conventional paresthetic SCS have been described in detail. However, much less is known about the novel SCS modes of action. One new algorithm utilizes very high frequencies (up to 10 kHz) intended for direct stimulation of dorsal horns at the T9-T10 level to treat both low back pain and leg pain. Another technique uses bursts of impulses with a high internal frequency delivered to the dorsal spinal cord with a frequency of 40 Hz. Both of these therapies intend to be subparesthetic and effective both for neuropathic and nociceptive pain components. During the last few years, more moderate changes in SCS parameters have been tried in order to increase the amount of electric charge passed from the lead to the neural tissue. This strategy, called "high density SCS," utilizes frequencies up to 1200 Hz or long pulse widths. CONCLUSIONS: The present SCS therapies have developed beyond the Gate Control Concept. New hypotheses about mechanisms of action are presented and some improved results are discussed.
OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) emerged as a direct clinical spin-off from the Gate Control Theory from 1965. Over the last decade, several new modes of SCS have appeared. This review discusses these novel techniques and their hypothetical mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A recent literature search on SCS coupled with the most recent data from poster presentations and congress lectures have been used to illustrate new hypothetical ways of modulating pain. RESULTS: Several physiological and neurochemical mechanisms for conventional paresthetic SCS have been described in detail. However, much less is known about the novel SCS modes of action. One new algorithm utilizes very high frequencies (up to 10 kHz) intended for direct stimulation of dorsal horns at the T9-T10 level to treat both low back pain and leg pain. Another technique uses bursts of impulses with a high internal frequency delivered to the dorsal spinal cord with a frequency of 40 Hz. Both of these therapies intend to be subparesthetic and effective both for neuropathic and nociceptive pain components. During the last few years, more moderate changes in SCS parameters have been tried in order to increase the amount of electric charge passed from the lead to the neural tissue. This strategy, called "high density SCS," utilizes frequencies up to 1200 Hz or long pulse widths. CONCLUSIONS: The present SCS therapies have developed beyond the Gate Control Concept. New hypotheses about mechanisms of action are presented and some improved results are discussed.
Authors: Jacob Caylor; Rajiv Reddy; Sopyda Yin; Christina Cui; Mingxiong Huang; Charles Huang; Rao Ramesh; Dewleen G Baker; Alan Simmons; Dmitri Souza; Samer Narouze; Ricardo Vallejo; Imanuel Lerman Journal: Bioelectron Med Date: 2019-06-28
Authors: Eva Koetsier; Glenn Franken; Jacques Debets; Sander M J van Kuijk; Roberto S G M Perez; Bengt Linderoth; Elbert A J Joosten; Paolo Maino Journal: CNS Neurosci Ther Date: 2018-09-23 Impact factor: 5.243