Liping Yu1, Zhiyuan Zhao, Andrea K Steck. 1. Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is now predictable by measuring major islet autoantibodies (IAbs) against insulin and other pancreatic β cells proteins including GAD65 (GADA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A). The assay technology for IAbs has made great progress; however, several important aspects still need to be addressed and improved. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently a radio-binding assay has been well established as the 'gold' standard assay for all four IAbs. New generation of nonradioactive IAb assay with electrochemiluminescence technology has been shown to further improve sensitivity and disease specificity. Recently, multiplexed assays have opened the possibility of more efficient screening in large populations. Identification of potential new autoantibodies to neo-antigens or neo-epitopes posttranslational modification is a new important field to be explored. SUMMARY: Individuals having a single positive autoantibody are at low risk for progression to T1D, whereas individuals expressing two or more positive autoantibodies, especially on multiple tests over time, have nearly 100% risk of developing clinical T1D when followed for over two decades. More efficient and cost effective IAb assays will hopefully lead to point-of-care screening in the general population.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is now predictable by measuring major islet autoantibodies (IAbs) against insulin and other pancreatic β cells proteins including GAD65 (GADA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A). The assay technology for IAbs has made great progress; however, several important aspects still need to be addressed and improved. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently a radio-binding assay has been well established as the 'gold' standard assay for all four IAbs. New generation of nonradioactive IAb assay with electrochemiluminescence technology has been shown to further improve sensitivity and disease specificity. Recently, multiplexed assays have opened the possibility of more efficient screening in large populations. Identification of potential new autoantibodies to neo-antigens or neo-epitopes posttranslational modification is a new important field to be explored. SUMMARY: Individuals having a single positive autoantibody are at low risk for progression to T1D, whereas individuals expressing two or more positive autoantibodies, especially on multiple tests over time, have nearly 100% risk of developing clinical T1D when followed for over two decades. More efficient and cost effective IAb assays will hopefully lead to point-of-care screening in the general population.
Authors: Jeffrey P Krischer; Kristian F Lynch; Desmond A Schatz; Jorma Ilonen; Åke Lernmark; William A Hagopian; Marian J Rewers; Jin-Xiong She; Olli G Simell; Jorma Toppari; Anette-G Ziegler; Beena Akolkar; Ezio Bonifacio Journal: Diabetologia Date: 2015-02-10 Impact factor: 10.122
Authors: Ezio Bonifacio; Liping Yu; Alastair K Williams; George S Eisenbarth; Polly J Bingley; Santica M Marcovina; Kerstin Adler; Anette G Ziegler; Patricia W Mueller; Desmond A Schatz; Jeffrey P Krischer; Michael W Steffes; Beena Akolkar Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2010-05-05 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Wannes D'Hertog; Michael Maris; Gabriela B Ferreira; Eefje Verdrengh; Kasper Lage; Daniel A Hansen; Alessandra K Cardozo; Christopher T Workman; Yves Moreau; Decio L Eizirik; Etienne Waelkens; Lutgart Overbergh; Chantal Mathieu Journal: J Proteome Res Date: 2010-10-01 Impact factor: 4.466
Authors: Kendra Vehik; Richard F Hamman; Dennis Lezotte; Jill M Norris; Georgeanna Klingensmith; Clifford Bloch; Marian Rewers; Dana Dabelea Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2007-03 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Timothy A Wiles; Thomas Delong; Rocky L Baker; Brenda Bradley; Gene Barbour; Roger L Powell; Nichole Reisdorph; Kathryn Haskins Journal: J Autoimmun Date: 2016-10-29 Impact factor: 7.094
Authors: Alexandra Fouts; Laura Pyle; Liping Yu; Dongmei Miao; Aaron Michels; Jeffrey Krischer; Jay Sosenko; Peter Gottlieb; Andrea K Steck Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2016-07-25 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Juliane Liepe; Fabio Marino; John Sidney; Anita Jeko; Daniel E Bunting; Alessandro Sette; Peter M Kloetzel; Michael P H Stumpf; Albert J R Heck; Michele Mishto Journal: Science Date: 2016-10-20 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Kimber M Simmons; Aimon K Alkanani; Kristen A McDaniel; Christopher Goyne; Dongmei Miao; Zhiyuan Zhao; Liping Yu; Aaron W Michels Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-11-15 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Aina Teniente-Serra; Eduarda Pizarro; Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez; Marco A Fernández; Marta Vives-Pi; Eva M Martinez-Caceres Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2021-12-06 Impact factor: 7.561