Danielle F Haley1, Regine Haardörfer2, Michael R Kramer3, Adaora A Adimora4, Gina M Wingood5, Neela D Goswami6, Anna Rubtsova2, Christina Ludema7, DeMarc A Hickson8, Catalina Ramirez7, Zev Ross9, Hector Bolivar10, Hannah L F Cooper2. 1. Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. Electronic address: danielle_haley@med.unc.edu. 2. Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA. 4. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. 5. Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY. 6. Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA. 7. Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 8. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, School of Public Health, Jackson, MS. 9. ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, NY. 10. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Neighborhood characteristics shape sexual risk in HIV-uninfected adults in the United States (US). We assess relationships between census tract characteristics and sexual risk behaviors in a predominantly HIV-infected cohort of women living in the Southern US. METHODS: This cross-sectional multilevel analysis included data from 737 HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Administrative data captured characteristics of census tracts where women lived; participant-level data were gathered via survey. We used principal components analysis to condense tract-level variables into components: social disorder (e.g., violent crime rate), and social disadvantage (e.g., alcohol outlet density). We used hierarchical generalized linear models to assess relationships between tract-level characteristics and condomless vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, and condomless anal intercourse. RESULTS: Greater social disorder was associated with less anal intercourse (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43-0.94) and condomless anal intercourse (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.30-0.80), regardless of HIV status. There were no statistically significant additive or multiplicative interactions between tract characteristics and HIV status. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood characteristics are associated with sexual risk behaviors among women living in the Southern US, these relationships do not vary by HIV status. Future studies should establish temporality and explore the causal pathways through which neighborhoods influence sexual risk.
PURPOSE: Neighborhood characteristics shape sexual risk in HIV-uninfected adults in the United States (US). We assess relationships between census tract characteristics and sexual risk behaviors in a predominantly HIV-infected cohort of women living in the Southern US. METHODS: This cross-sectional multilevel analysis included data from 737 HIV-infected and HIV-uninfectedwomen enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Administrative data captured characteristics of census tracts where women lived; participant-level data were gathered via survey. We used principal components analysis to condense tract-level variables into components: social disorder (e.g., violent crime rate), and social disadvantage (e.g., alcohol outlet density). We used hierarchical generalized linear models to assess relationships between tract-level characteristics and condomless vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, and condomless anal intercourse. RESULTS: Greater social disorder was associated with less anal intercourse (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43-0.94) and condomless anal intercourse (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.30-0.80), regardless of HIV status. There were no statistically significant additive or multiplicative interactions between tract characteristics and HIV status. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood characteristics are associated with sexual risk behaviors among women living in the Southern US, these relationships do not vary by HIV status. Future studies should establish temporality and explore the causal pathways through which neighborhoods influence sexual risk.
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