OBJECTIVES: Racial/ethnic disparities in heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been hypothesized to be related to the high rate of incarceration and the shortage of men in black communities. This study tested associations of having multiple sex partners with these factors. METHODS: Racial/ethnic-specific Census data on the sex ratio and the male incarceration rate were categorized into tertiles and matched with individual data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 by county of residence for non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican American participants. We used logistic regression analyses to examine whether these factors were associated with having multiple opposite-sex partners in the past year. RESULTS: Sex ratios and incarceration rates varied greatly by race/ethnicity; however, we observed significant associations within each racial/ethnic group. Non-Hispanic black men in counties with a greater shortage of males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1, 3.5) and a greater number of incarcerated males (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1, 2.3) in the non-Hispanic black population had significantly greater odds of having two or more partners. Those in two low sex-ratio categories (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.0, 5.8 and AOR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.6, 10.0) and one high incarceration-rate category (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.2, 3.6) had significantly greater odds of having five or more partners. CONCLUSION: Sex ratios and incarceration rates were associated with the number of opposite-sex partners in some groups. Because the risk of HIV/ STI transmission depends, in part, on the number of partners, it is important to determine the causal relationships among these associations to help better understand racial/ethnic HIV/STI disparities and improve prevention programs and interventions.
OBJECTIVES: Racial/ethnic disparities in heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been hypothesized to be related to the high rate of incarceration and the shortage of men in black communities. This study tested associations of having multiple sex partners with these factors. METHODS: Racial/ethnic-specific Census data on the sex ratio and the male incarceration rate were categorized into tertiles and matched with individual data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 by county of residence for non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican American participants. We used logistic regression analyses to examine whether these factors were associated with having multiple opposite-sex partners in the past year. RESULTS: Sex ratios and incarceration rates varied greatly by race/ethnicity; however, we observed significant associations within each racial/ethnic group. Non-Hispanic black men in counties with a greater shortage of males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1, 3.5) and a greater number of incarcerated males (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1, 2.3) in the non-Hispanic black population had significantly greater odds of having two or more partners. Those in two low sex-ratio categories (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.0, 5.8 and AOR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.6, 10.0) and one high incarceration-rate category (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.2, 3.6) had significantly greater odds of having five or more partners. CONCLUSION: Sex ratios and incarceration rates were associated with the number of opposite-sex partners in some groups. Because the risk of HIV/ STI transmission depends, in part, on the number of partners, it is important to determine the causal relationships among these associations to help better understand racial/ethnic HIV/STI disparities and improve prevention programs and interventions.
Authors: Adaora A Adimora; Victor J Schoenbach; Dana M Bonas; Francis E A Martinson; Kathryn H Donaldson; Tonya R Stancil Journal: Epidemiology Date: 2002-05 Impact factor: 4.822
Authors: P H Kilmarx; A A Zaidi; J C Thomas; A K Nakashima; M E St Louis; M L Flock; T A Peterman Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 1997-12 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Fujie Xu; Maya R Sternberg; Benny J Kottiri; Geraldine M McQuillan; Francis K Lee; Andre J Nahmias; Stuart M Berman; Lauri E Markowitz Journal: JAMA Date: 2006-08-23 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Maria R Khan; David A Wohl; Sharon S Weir; Adaora A Adimora; Caroline Moseley; Kathy Norcott; Jesse Duncan; Jay S Kaufman; William C Miller Journal: J Urban Health Date: 2007-11-20 Impact factor: 3.671
Authors: Traci C Green; Enrique R Pouget; Magdalena Harrington; Faye S Taxman; Anne G Rhodes; Daniel OʼConnell; Steven S Martin; Michael Prendergast; Peter D Friedmann Journal: Sex Transm Dis Date: 2012-06 Impact factor: 2.830
Authors: Hannah L F Cooper; Sabriya Linton; Danielle F Haley; Mary E Kelley; Emily F Dauria; Conny Chen Karnes; Zev Ross; Josalin Hunter-Jones; Kristen K Renneker; Carlos Del Rio; Adaora Adimora; Gina Wingood; Richard Rothenberg; Loida E Bonney Journal: AIDS Behav Date: 2015-06
Authors: Umedjon Ibragimov; Stephanie Beane; Adaora A Adimora; Samuel R Friedman; Leslie Williams; Barbara Tempalski; Ron Stall; Gina Wingood; H Irene Hall; Anna Satcher Johnson; Hannah L F Cooper Journal: J Urban Health Date: 2019-12 Impact factor: 3.671
Authors: Hong-Van Tieu; Beryl A Koblin; Carl Latkin; Frank C Curriero; Emily R Greene; Andrew Rundle; Victoria Frye Journal: J Urban Health Date: 2020-10 Impact factor: 3.671
Authors: Adaora A Adimora; Victor J Schoenbach; Eboni M Taylor; Maria R Khan; Robert J Schwartz; William C Miller Journal: Ann Epidemiol Date: 2013-10-05 Impact factor: 3.797