Mahboobeh Mahdavinia1, Susan R Fox2, Bridget M Smith3, Christine James4, Erica L Palmisano2, Aisha Mohammed2, Zeeshan Zahid2, Amal H Assa'ad4, Mary C Tobin2, Ruchi S Gupta5. 1. Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. Electronic address: Mahboobeh_mahdavinia@rush.edu. 2. Allergy/Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. 3. Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Ill; Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 4. Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. 5. Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Food allergy (FA) is a prevalent condition in the United States, but little is known about its phenotypes in racial minority groups. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize disease phenotypes and disparities in health care utilization among African American (AA), Hispanic, and white children with FA. METHODS: We conducted a large, 2-center, retrospective cohort study of children aged 0-17 years with FA seen in allergy/immunology clinics at 2 urban tertiary care centers in the United States. We used multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, and insurance. RESULTS: The cohort of 817 children was composed of 35% AA, 12% Hispanic, and 53% non-Hispanic white. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, AA children had significantly higher odds of having asthma and eczema (P < .01), and significantly higher odds of allergy to wheat, soy, corn, fish, and shellfish (P < .01). Compared with non-Hispanic white children, Hispanic children had significantly higher odds of allergy to corn, fish, and shellfish (P < .01), and higher odds of eczema (P < .01), but a similar rate of asthma (P = .44). In this cohort, 55%, 18%, and 11% of AA, Hispanic, and white children were covered by Medicaid, respectively (P < .00001). Compared with whites, AA and Hispanic children had a shorter duration of follow-up for FA with an allergy specialist and higher rates of FA-related anaphylaxis and emergency department visits (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: FA phenotypes and health care utilization differ among children of different racial and/or ethnic backgrounds in the United States that put AA and Hispanic children at higher risks of adverse outcome than white children. These differences include coexistent atopic conditions, less well recognized food allergens, and higher rates of anaphylaxis.
BACKGROUND:Food allergy (FA) is a prevalent condition in the United States, but little is known about its phenotypes in racial minority groups. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize disease phenotypes and disparities in health care utilization among African American (AA), Hispanic, and white children with FA. METHODS: We conducted a large, 2-center, retrospective cohort study of children aged 0-17 years with FA seen in allergy/immunology clinics at 2 urban tertiary care centers in the United States. We used multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, and insurance. RESULTS: The cohort of 817 children was composed of 35% AA, 12% Hispanic, and 53% non-Hispanic white. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, AA children had significantly higher odds of having asthma and eczema (P < .01), and significantly higher odds of allergy to wheat, soy, corn, fish, and shellfish (P < .01). Compared with non-Hispanic white children, Hispanic children had significantly higher odds of allergy to corn, fish, and shellfish (P < .01), and higher odds of eczema (P < .01), but a similar rate of asthma (P = .44). In this cohort, 55%, 18%, and 11% of AA, Hispanic, and white children were covered by Medicaid, respectively (P < .00001). Compared with whites, AA and Hispanic children had a shorter duration of follow-up for FA with an allergy specialist and higher rates of FA-related anaphylaxis and emergency department visits (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: FA phenotypes and health care utilization differ among children of different racial and/or ethnic backgrounds in the United States that put AA and Hispanic children at higher risks of adverse outcome than white children. These differences include coexistent atopic conditions, less well recognized food allergens, and higher rates of anaphylaxis.
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