Nagy A Youssef1, Daniel Belew2, Guang Hao3, Xiaoling Wang3, Frank A Treiber4, Michael Stefanek5, Mark Yassa6, Elizabeth Boswell6, W Vaughn McCall6, Shaoyong Su7. 1. Department of Psychiatry & Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: nyoussef@augusta.edu. 2. Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. 3. Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. 4. Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. 5. Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. 6. Department of Psychiatry & Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. 7. Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: ssu@augusta.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) including childhood abuse and trauma increase depressive symptoms. The role of resilience and how it interacts with both ACEs and the potential development of depressive symptoms, including how race and ethnicity moderate these effects, are much less studied. The aims of this study were to examine: 1) whether there is a dose-response relationship between trauma and depressive symptoms; 2) whether early trauma affected European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA) in a similar fashion; and 3) whether resilience mitigates the effect of trauma. METHODS: The present study comprised a cross-sectional study of subjects from a longitudinal cohort. All subjects were 19 years or older with traumatic experiences prior to age 18. Subjects were assessed for depressive symptoms as well as resilience. RESULTS: In 413 subjects enrolled, ACEs were significantly associated with depression severity in a dose-response fashion (p<0.001). Notably, AAs had lower depression scores at low to moderate levels of ACEs than EAs, but reported comparable levels of depression with severe exposure to ACEs (pInteraction=0.05). In both EAs and AAs, young adults with high and medium levels of resilience showed less depressive symptoms compared to those with low resilience (p<0.05). LIMITATIONS: to consider are the cross-sectional design, possibility of other confounders, and potential for recall bias of this study. CONCLUSION: While ACEs were significantly associated with severity of depression in a dose-response fashion, higher resilience mitigated the impact of childhood adversities on depressive symptoms in young adults. The results are encouraging, and guides research for therapeutics to boost resilience.
BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) including childhood abuse and trauma increase depressive symptoms. The role of resilience and how it interacts with both ACEs and the potential development of depressive symptoms, including how race and ethnicity moderate these effects, are much less studied. The aims of this study were to examine: 1) whether there is a dose-response relationship between trauma and depressive symptoms; 2) whether early trauma affected European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA) in a similar fashion; and 3) whether resilience mitigates the effect of trauma. METHODS: The present study comprised a cross-sectional study of subjects from a longitudinal cohort. All subjects were 19 years or older with traumatic experiences prior to age 18. Subjects were assessed for depressive symptoms as well as resilience. RESULTS: In 413 subjects enrolled, ACEs were significantly associated with depression severity in a dose-response fashion (p<0.001). Notably, AAs had lower depression scores at low to moderate levels of ACEs than EAs, but reported comparable levels of depression with severe exposure to ACEs (pInteraction=0.05). In both EAs and AAs, young adults with high and medium levels of resilience showed less depressive symptoms compared to those with low resilience (p<0.05). LIMITATIONS: to consider are the cross-sectional design, possibility of other confounders, and potential for recall bias of this study. CONCLUSION: While ACEs were significantly associated with severity of depression in a dose-response fashion, higher resilience mitigated the impact of childhood adversities on depressive symptoms in young adults. The results are encouraging, and guides research for therapeutics to boost resilience.
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