Nicole Niehoff1, Alexandra J White2, Lauren E McCullough3, Susan E Steck4, Jan Beyea5, Irina Mordukhovich6, Jing Shen7, Alfred I Neugut8, Kathleen Conway9, Regina M Santella7, Marilie D Gammon9. 1. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: nicolen@live.unc.edu. 2. Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. 4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. 5. Department of Consulting in the Public Interest (CIPI), Lambertville, NJ, USA. 6. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 7. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 9. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to breast cancer in many, but not all, previous studies. PAHs are lipophilic and stored in fat tissue, which we hypothesized may result in constant low-dose exposure to these carcinogens. No previous studies have evaluated whether obesity modifies associations between multiple measures of PAHs and breast cancer incidence. METHODS: This population-based study included 1,006 postmenopausal women with first primary in situ or invasive breast cancer and 990 age-frequency matched controls. To evaluate effect modification by obesity (adult body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and weight change) on multiple PAH measures (the biomarker PAH-DNA adducts, and long-term sources active cigarette smoking, living with a smoking spouse, grilled/smoked meat intake, residential synthetic log burning, and vehicular traffic), interaction contrast ratios (ICRs) for the additive scale, and ratio of odds ratios (RORs) with log-likelihood ratio tests (LRT) for the multiplicative scale, were determined using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: BMI modified the PAH-DNA adduct and postmenopausal breast cancer association on the additive (ICR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.96) and multiplicative (ROR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.91, 2.68) scales. The odds ratio for detectable vs. non-detectable adducts was increased among women with BMI ≥25 (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.92), but not in those with BMI <25 (OR=0.86; 95% CI: 0.57, 1.28) (LRT p=0.1). For most other PAH measures, the pattern of modification by BMI/weight gain was similar, but estimates were imprecise. CONCLUSIONS: The association between PAH-DNA adducts and breast cancer incidence may be elevated among overweight/obese women. Copyright Â
BACKGROUND:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to breast cancer in many, but not all, previous studies. PAHs are lipophilic and stored in fat tissue, which we hypothesized may result in constant low-dose exposure to these carcinogens. No previous studies have evaluated whether obesity modifies associations between multiple measures of PAHs and breast cancer incidence. METHODS: This population-based study included 1,006 postmenopausal women with first primary in situ or invasive breast cancer and 990 age-frequency matched controls. To evaluate effect modification by obesity (adult body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and weight change) on multiple PAH measures (the biomarker PAH-DNA adducts, and long-term sources active cigarette smoking, living with a smoking spouse, grilled/smoked meat intake, residential synthetic log burning, and vehicular traffic), interaction contrast ratios (ICRs) for the additive scale, and ratio of odds ratios (RORs) with log-likelihood ratio tests (LRT) for the multiplicative scale, were determined using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: BMI modified the PAH-DNA adduct and postmenopausal breast cancer association on the additive (ICR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.96) and multiplicative (ROR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.91, 2.68) scales. The odds ratio for detectable vs. non-detectable adducts was increased among women with BMI ≥25 (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.92), but not in those with BMI <25 (OR=0.86; 95% CI: 0.57, 1.28) (LRT p=0.1). For most other PAH measures, the pattern of modification by BMI/weight gain was similar, but estimates were imprecise. CONCLUSIONS: The association between PAH-DNA adducts and breast cancer incidence may be elevated among overweight/obesewomen. Copyright Â
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