Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

OPINION STATEMENT: Deep brain stimulation is now an established therapy for Parkinson's disease, and DBS continues to be refined. Well-established targets, such as the STN and GPi, have shown clear benefit in reducing motor complications in PD, and other more novel targets, such as PPN are being explored. Furthermore, there have been advances in imaging which allow for improved lead placement and also can reduce patient discomfort. The way electrical current is delivered through the DBS lead is also undergoing a transformation, allowing for more options regarding current shaping, steering, and new stimulation paradigms. The future holds promise for novel methodologies of neuromodulation including closed-loop devices and more focused lesion therapies that alter CNS circuitry.