Tracy T Smith1, Laura E Rupprecht2, Alan F Sved3,2, Eric C Donny3. 1. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. tracysmith@pitt.edu. 2. Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. 3. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A large reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes may benefit public health by reducing the rate and the prevalence of smoking. A behavioral economics framework suggests that a decrease in nicotine content may be considered an increase in the unit price of nicotine (unit price = reinforcer cost/reinforcer magnitude). Increasing the price of cigarettes (i.e., increasing reinforcer cost) would be considered an equivalent change in unit price to reducing nicotine content (i.e., reducing reinforcer magnitude). OBJECTIVES: The goal of the present experiments was to characterize the relationship between increases in nicotine cost and decreases in nicotine dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rat self-administration model was used to assess this relationship across three experiments, with an emphasis on very low nicotine doses to model a potential nicotine reduction policy. Cost was manipulated via changes in the number of responses required to earn an infusion. RESULTS: Results show that increases in the cost of nicotine and decreases in nicotine content were not equivalent manipulations. Nicotine consumption was more sensitive to nicotine dose than to nicotine cost. Nicotine consumption was also not equivalent across a variety of cost and dose combinations forming a single unit price. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present studies suggest that nicotine reduction is likely to have a large impact on nicotine exposure from cigarettes.
BACKGROUND: A large reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes may benefit public health by reducing the rate and the prevalence of smoking. A behavioral economics framework suggests that a decrease in nicotine content may be considered an increase in the unit price of nicotine (unit price = reinforcer cost/reinforcer magnitude). Increasing the price of cigarettes (i.e., increasing reinforcer cost) would be considered an equivalent change in unit price to reducing nicotine content (i.e., reducing reinforcer magnitude). OBJECTIVES: The goal of the present experiments was to characterize the relationship between increases in nicotine cost and decreases in nicotine dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rat self-administration model was used to assess this relationship across three experiments, with an emphasis on very low nicotine doses to model a potential nicotine reduction policy. Cost was manipulated via changes in the number of responses required to earn an infusion. RESULTS: Results show that increases in the cost of nicotine and decreases in nicotine content were not equivalent manipulations. Nicotine consumption was more sensitive to nicotine dose than to nicotine cost. Nicotine consumption was also not equivalent across a variety of cost and dose combinations forming a single unit price. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present studies suggest that nicotine reduction is likely to have a large impact on nicotine exposure from cigarettes.
Authors: L V Panlilio; S R Goldberg; J P Gilman; R Jufer; E J Cone; C W Schindler Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Date: 1998-06 Impact factor: 4.530
Authors: Gregory L Powell; Gabriella Cabrera-Brown; Mark D Namba; Janet L Neisewander; Julie A Marusich; Joshua S Beckmann; Cassandra D Gipson Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2019-06-20 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Danielle R Davis; Michael J DeSarno; Cecilia L Bergeria; Joanna M Streck; Jennifer W Tidey; Stacey C Sigmon; Sarah H Heil; Diann E Gaalema; Maxine L Stitzer; Stephen T Higgins Journal: Prev Med Date: 2019-08-27 Impact factor: 4.018