Summer L Kaplan1, J Christopher Edgar2,3, Eileen G Ford4, Margaret A Adgent5, Joan I Schall4, Andrea Kelly3,6, David M Umbach7, Walter J Rogan5, Virginia A Stallings3,4, Kassa Darge2,3. 1. Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. kaplans2@email.chop.edu. 2. Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. 3. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 5. Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. 6. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 7. Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hormonally sensitive organs in the neonate can change size within days of birth as circulating maternal estrogen wanes. Although several reports document the size of these organs through infancy, few focus attention on the near-birth period. Clinical and research evaluation of hormonal and genitourinary disorders would benefit from reference size standards. OBJECTIVE: We describe the size of the uterus, ovaries, testes and breast buds in healthy term neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part of the Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study, we sonographically measured the largest diameter of these organs in sagittal, transverse and anterior-posterior planes for 194 female and 204 male newborns up to 3 days old. We calculated mean, median and percentiles for longest axis length and for volume calculated from measured diameters. We evaluated size differences by laterality, gender and race and compared our observations against published values. RESULTS: Mean length and mean volume were as follows: uterus, 4.2 cm and 10.0 cm3; ovary, 1.0 cm and 0.2 cm3; testis, 1.1 cm and 0.3 cm3 (0.4 cm3 Lambert volume); female breast bud, 1.2 cm and 0.7 cm3; male breast bud, 1.1 cm and 0.6 cm3. Breast buds were larger in females than males. Laterality differences were typically below the precision of clinical measurement. No significant race differences were detected. CONCLUSION: Using data from our large cohort together with published values, we provide guidelines for evaluating the size of reproductive organs within the first 3 days of age. Discrepancies between our results and published values are likely attributable to technique.
BACKGROUND: Hormonally sensitive organs in the neonate can change size within days of birth as circulating maternal estrogen wanes. Although several reports document the size of these organs through infancy, few focus attention on the near-birth period. Clinical and research evaluation of hormonal and genitourinary disorders would benefit from reference size standards. OBJECTIVE: We describe the size of the uterus, ovaries, testes and breast buds in healthy term neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part of the Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study, we sonographically measured the largest diameter of these organs in sagittal, transverse and anterior-posterior planes for 194 female and 204 male newborns up to 3 days old. We calculated mean, median and percentiles for longest axis length and for volume calculated from measured diameters. We evaluated size differences by laterality, gender and race and compared our observations against published values. RESULTS: Mean length and mean volume were as follows: uterus, 4.2 cm and 10.0 cm3; ovary, 1.0 cm and 0.2 cm3; testis, 1.1 cm and 0.3 cm3 (0.4 cm3 Lambert volume); female breast bud, 1.2 cm and 0.7 cm3; male breast bud, 1.1 cm and 0.6 cm3. Breast buds were larger in females than males. Laterality differences were typically below the precision of clinical measurement. No significant race differences were detected. CONCLUSION: Using data from our large cohort together with published values, we provide guidelines for evaluating the size of reproductive organs within the first 3 days of age. Discrepancies between our results and published values are likely attributable to technique.
Authors: Fred E Avni; Heloise Lerisson; Maria-Luisa Lobo; Maryse Cartigny; Marcello Napolitano; Hans-J Mentzel; Michael Riccabona; Magdalena Wozniak; Damjana Kljucevsek; Thomas A Augdal; Bruno Constanza; Donald Ibe; Kassa Darge; Samuel Stafrace; Philippe Petit; Lil-Sofie Ording Muller Journal: Pediatr Radiol Date: 2019-05-23
Authors: Juan S Calle-Toro; Susan J Back; Bernarda Viteri; Savvas Andronikou; Summer L Kaplan Journal: J Ultrasound Med Date: 2019-08-16 Impact factor: 2.153
Authors: Helen B Chin; Andrea Kelly; Margaret A Adgent; Stacy A Patchel; Kerry James; Hubert W Vesper; Julianne C Botelho; Donald Walt Chandler; Babette S Zemel; Joan I Schall; Eileen G Ford; Kassa Darge; Virginia A Stallings; Donna D Baird; Walter J Rogan; David M Umbach Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2021-08-18 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Helen B Chin; Donna D Baird; Summer L Kaplan; Kassa Darge; Margaret A Adgent; Eileen G Ford; Walter J Rogan; Virginia A Stallings; David M Umbach Journal: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol Date: 2020-04-13 Impact factor: 3.103