Zhong Lin1, Balamurali Vasudevan2, Guang Yun Mao1,3, Kenneth J Ciuffreda4, Vishal Jhanji5, Xiao Xia Li6, Hong Jia Zhou1, Ning Li Wang6, Yuan Bo Liang7. 1. The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270 West College Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China. 2. College of Optometry, Mid Western University, Glendale, AZ, USA. 3. School of Environmental Science & Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. 4. Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA. 5. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 6. Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, China. 7. The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270 West College Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China. yuanboliang@126.com.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of daily activities on myopic refractive change and myopic onset in Chinese urban students. METHODS: The Beijing Myopia Progression Study was a 3-year cohort study. Cycloplegic refraction and a daily activity questionnaire were assessed at baseline and at follow-up examinations. Refractive change was defined as the difference in cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) between the final follow-up and baseline. 386 students were initially enrolled in the baseline study. RESULTS: At the final follow-up, 222 students (57.5 %) with completed refractive error and daily activity data were analyzed. These students spent 0.32 ± 2.33 h/day more on near work (p = 0.04), and 0.21 ± 1.31 h/day less on outdoor leisure (p = 0.02), than they did at baseline. In the multivariate analysis, the younger among the secondary students (β = 0.06, p < 0.001), and those with more near work hours at baseline (β = -0.028, p = 0.033), exhibited more myopic refractive change. However, myopic refractive change was not found to be significantly associated with near work hours in the primary students, or with time spent outdoors, in either school level. After stratifying the activity hours into quartile groups, students with a greater near work load at baseline (trend P = 0.03) exhibited a greater myopic refractive change and had a higher risk to develop myopia (hazard ratio, 95 % confidence interval: 5.19, 1.49-18.13), after adjusting for the confounders. However, no significant association was found related to outdoor activity. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, children with a greater near work load at baseline exhibited more myopic refractive change and were also more likely to develop myopia. The protective effect of outdoor activity on myopic refractive change was not observed.
PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of daily activities on myopic refractive change and myopic onset in Chinese urban students. METHODS: The Beijing Myopia Progression Study was a 3-year cohort study. Cycloplegic refraction and a daily activity questionnaire were assessed at baseline and at follow-up examinations. Refractive change was defined as the difference in cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) between the final follow-up and baseline. 386 students were initially enrolled in the baseline study. RESULTS: At the final follow-up, 222 students (57.5 %) with completed refractive error and daily activity data were analyzed. These students spent 0.32 ± 2.33 h/day more on near work (p = 0.04), and 0.21 ± 1.31 h/day less on outdoor leisure (p = 0.02), than they did at baseline. In the multivariate analysis, the younger among the secondary students (β = 0.06, p < 0.001), and those with more near work hours at baseline (β = -0.028, p = 0.033), exhibited more myopic refractive change. However, myopic refractive change was not found to be significantly associated with near work hours in the primary students, or with time spent outdoors, in either school level. After stratifying the activity hours into quartile groups, students with a greater near work load at baseline (trend P = 0.03) exhibited a greater myopic refractive change and had a higher risk to develop myopia (hazard ratio, 95 % confidence interval: 5.19, 1.49-18.13), after adjusting for the confounders. However, no significant association was found related to outdoor activity. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, children with a greater near work load at baseline exhibited more myopic refractive change and were also more likely to develop myopia. The protective effect of outdoor activity on myopic refractive change was not observed.
Authors: Donald O Mutti; G Lynn Mitchell; Melvin L Moeschberger; Lisa A Jones; Karla Zadnik Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2002-12 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Seang-Mei Saw; Say-Beng Tan; Daniel Fung; Kee-Seng Chia; David Koh; Donald T H Tan; Richard A Stone Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2004-09 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Jeremy A Guggenheim; Kate Northstone; George McMahon; Andy R Ness; Kevin Deere; Calum Mattocks; Beate St Pourcain; Cathy Williams Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2012-05-14 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Zhong Lin; Tie Ying Gao; Balamurali Vasudevan; Kenneth J Ciuffreda; Yuan Bo Liang; Vishal Jhanji; Su Jie Fan; Wei Han; Ning Li Wang Journal: BMC Ophthalmol Date: 2017-11-17 Impact factor: 2.209