Zhong Lin1, Tie Ying Gao2, Balamurali Vasudevan3, Vishal Jhanji4, Kenneth J Ciuffreda5, Peng Zhang2, Lei Li2, Guang Yun Mao6, Ning Li Wang7, Yuan Bo Liang1. 1. The Affiliated Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China. 2. Handan Eye Hospital, Handan, Hebei, China. 3. College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States. 4. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 5. Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States. 6. The Affiliated Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. 7. Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To report the refractive error difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China. METHODS: Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 ± 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error difference was defined as the difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from -1.33 (-1.99, -0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (-0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (β = 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (β = 0.24, P = 0.01) tended to have a higher RED. CONCLUSIONS: In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the generational difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure. Copyright 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
PURPOSE: To report the refractive error difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China. METHODS:Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 ± 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error difference was defined as the difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from -1.33 (-1.99, -0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (-0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (β = 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (β = 0.24, P = 0.01) tended to have a higher RED. CONCLUSIONS: In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the generational difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure. Copyright 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
Authors: Phillippa M Cumberland; Yanchun Bao; Pirro G Hysi; Paul J Foster; Christopher J Hammond; Jugnoo S Rahi Journal: PLoS One Date: 2015-10-02 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Virgilio Galvis; Alejandro Tello; M Margarita Parra; Jesus Merayo-Lloves; Jaime Larrea; Carlos Julian Rodriguez; Paul Anthony Camacho Journal: Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol Date: 2016
Authors: Yin Guo; Jia Li Duan; Li Juan Liu; Ying Sun; Ping Tang; Yan Yun Lv; Liang Xu; Jost B Jonas Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-11-09 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Zhong Lin; Tie Ying Gao; Balamurali Vasudevan; Kenneth J Ciuffreda; Yuan Bo Liang; Vishal Jhanji; Su Jie Fan; Wei Han; Ning Li Wang Journal: BMC Ophthalmol Date: 2017-11-17 Impact factor: 2.209