Liana C Del Gobbo1, Fumiaki Imamura2, Stella Aslibekyan3, Matti Marklund4, Jyrki K Virtanen5, Maria Wennberg6, Mohammad Y Yakoob1, Stephanie E Chiuve7, Luicito Dela Cruz8, Alexis C Frazier-Wood9, Amanda M Fretts10, Eliseo Guallar11, Chisa Matsumoto12, Kiesha Prem13, Tosh Tanaka14, Jason H Y Wu15, Xia Zhou16, Catherine Helmer17, Erik Ingelsson18, Jian-Min Yuan19, Pascale Barberger-Gateau17, Hannia Campos20, Paulo H M Chaves21, Luc Djoussé22, Graham G Giles8, Jose Gómez-Aracena23, Allison M Hodge8, Frank B Hu24, Jan-Håkan Jansson6, Ingegerd Johansson25, Kay-Tee Khaw26, Woon-Puay Koh27, Rozenn N Lemaitre28, Lars Lind29, Robert N Luben26, Eric B Rimm24, Ulf Risérus4, Cecilia Samieri17, Paul W Franks30, David S Siscovick31, Meir Stampfer24, Lyn M Steffen16, Brian T Steffen16, Michael Y Tsai32, Rob M van Dam33, Sari Voutilainen5, Walter C Willett24, Mark Woodward34, Dariush Mozaffarian35. 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. 2. Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 3. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham. 4. Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 5. Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland. 6. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. 7. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts8Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 8. Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia. 9. USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 10. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle. 11. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. 12. Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan14Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 13. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 14. Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland. 15. The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 16. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. 17. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement, Centre IInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France20University B. 18. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California21Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 19. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania23Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 20. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 21. Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education, Florida International University, Miami. 22. Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 23. Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain. 24. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts24Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts27Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigh. 25. Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. 26. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 27. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore30Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore. 28. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. 29. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 30. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden24Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts32Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund Un. 31. The New York Academy of Medicine, New York. 32. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 33. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore24Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts35Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of. 34. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland17The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia36The George Institute for Global Health, Nuffield Depa. 35. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. Most prior longitudinal studies evaluated self-reported consumption rather than biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biomarkers of seafood-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω-3) and plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3ω-3) for incident CHD. DATA SOURCES: A global consortium of 19 studies identified by November 2014. STUDY SELECTION: Available prospective (cohort, nested case-control) or retrospective studies with circulating or tissue ω-3 biomarkers and ascertained CHD. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Each study conducted standardized, individual-level analysis using harmonized models, exposures, outcomes, and covariates. Findings were centrally pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was examined by age, sex, race, diabetes, statins, aspirin, ω-6 levels, and FADS desaturase genes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incident total CHD, fatal CHD, and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS: The 19 studies comprised 16 countries, 45 637 unique individuals, and 7973 total CHD, 2781 fatal CHD, and 7157 nonfatal MI events, with ω-3 measures in total plasma, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and adipose tissue. Median age at baseline was 59 years (range, 18-97 years), and 28 660 (62.8%) were male. In continuous (per 1-SD increase) multivariable-adjusted analyses, the ω-3 biomarkers ALA, DPA, and DHA were associated with a lower risk of fatal CHD, with relative risks (RRs) of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98) for ALA, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96) for DPA, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96) for DHA. Although DPA was associated with a lower risk of total CHD (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99), ALA (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.95-1.05), EPA (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.02), and DHA (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-1.00) were not. Significant associations with nonfatal MI were not evident. Associations appeared generally stronger in phospholipids and total plasma. Restricted cubic splines did not identify evidence of nonlinearity in dose responses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: On the basis of available studies of free-living populations globally, biomarker concentrations of seafood and plant-derived ω-3 fatty acids are associated with a modestly lower incidence of fatal CHD.
IMPORTANCE: The role of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. Most prior longitudinal studies evaluated self-reported consumption rather than biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biomarkers of seafood-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω-3) and plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3ω-3) for incident CHD. DATA SOURCES: A global consortium of 19 studies identified by November 2014. STUDY SELECTION: Available prospective (cohort, nested case-control) or retrospective studies with circulating or tissue ω-3 biomarkers and ascertained CHD. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Each study conducted standardized, individual-level analysis using harmonized models, exposures, outcomes, and covariates. Findings were centrally pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was examined by age, sex, race, diabetes, statins, aspirin, ω-6 levels, and FADS desaturase genes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incident total CHD, fatal CHD, and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS: The 19 studies comprised 16 countries, 45 637 unique individuals, and 7973 total CHD, 2781 fatal CHD, and 7157 nonfatal MI events, with ω-3 measures in total plasma, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and adipose tissue. Median age at baseline was 59 years (range, 18-97 years), and 28 660 (62.8%) were male. In continuous (per 1-SD increase) multivariable-adjusted analyses, the ω-3 biomarkers ALA, DPA, and DHA were associated with a lower risk of fatal CHD, with relative risks (RRs) of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98) for ALA, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96) for DPA, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96) for DHA. Although DPA was associated with a lower risk of total CHD (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99), ALA (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.95-1.05), EPA (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.02), and DHA (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-1.00) were not. Significant associations with nonfatal MI were not evident. Associations appeared generally stronger in phospholipids and total plasma. Restricted cubic splines did not identify evidence of nonlinearity in dose responses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: On the basis of available studies of free-living populations globally, biomarker concentrations of seafood and plant-derived ω-3 fatty acids are associated with a modestly lower incidence of fatal CHD.
Authors: L Hooper; R L Thompson; R A Harrison; C D Summerbell; H Moore; H V Worthington; P N Durrington; A R Ness; N E Capps; G Davey Smith; R A Riemersma; S B J Ebrahim Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2004-10-18
Authors: Bruce M Psaty; Christopher J O'Donnell; Vilmundur Gudnason; Kathryn L Lunetta; Aaron R Folsom; Jerome I Rotter; André G Uitterlinden; Tamara B Harris; Jacqueline C M Witteman; Eric Boerwinkle Journal: Circ Cardiovasc Genet Date: 2009-02
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