Pawel Gawlinski1, Renata Posmyk2, Tomasz Gambin3, Danuta Sielicka4, Monika Chorazy5, Beata Nowakowska1, Shalini N Jhangiani6, Donna M Muzny6, Monika Bekiesinska-Figatowska7, Jerzy Bal1, Eric Boerwinkle8, Richard A Gibbs6, James R Lupski9, Wojciech Wiszniewski10. 1. Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland. 2. Department of Clinical Genetics, Podlaskie Medical Center, Bialystok, Poland. 3. Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland. 4. Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Children's University Hospital, Bialystok, Poland. 5. Department of Neurology, Medical University Hospital, Bialystok, Poland. 6. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 7. Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland. 8. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. 9. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas. 10. Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: wkw@bcm.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder. Patients without optic nerve atrophy and brain imaging abnormalities but fulfilling other PEHO criteria are often described as a PEHO-like syndrome. The molecular bases of both clinically defined conditions remain unknown in spite of the widespread application of genome analyses in both clinic and research. METHODS: We enrolled two patients with a prior diagnosis of PEHO and two individuals with PEHO-like syndrome. All four individuals subsequently underwent whole-exome sequencing and comprehensive genomic analysis. RESULTS: We identified disease-causing mutations in known genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including GNAO1 and CDKL5 in two of four individuals. One patient with PEHO syndrome and a de novoGNAO1 mutation was found to have an additional de novo mutation in HESX1 that is associated with optic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that PEHO and PEHO-like syndrome may represent a severe end of the spectrum of the early-onset encephalopathies and, in some instances, its complex phenotype may result from an aggregated effect of mutations at two loci.
BACKGROUND: Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder. Patients without optic nerve atrophy and brain imaging abnormalities but fulfilling other PEHO criteria are often described as a PEHO-like syndrome. The molecular bases of both clinically defined conditions remain unknown in spite of the widespread application of genome analyses in both clinic and research. METHODS: We enrolled two patients with a prior diagnosis of PEHO and two individuals with PEHO-like syndrome. All four individuals subsequently underwent whole-exome sequencing and comprehensive genomic analysis. RESULTS: We identified disease-causing mutations in known genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including GNAO1 and CDKL5 in two of four individuals. One patient with PEHO syndrome and a de novoGNAO1 mutation was found to have an additional de novo mutation in HESX1 that is associated with optic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that PEHO and PEHO-like syndrome may represent a severe end of the spectrum of the early-onset encephalopathies and, in some instances, its complex phenotype may result from an aggregated effect of mutations at two loci.
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