O L Sarmiento1, P Lemoine2, S A Gonzalez1, S T Broyles3, K D Denstel3, R Larouche4, V Onywera5, T V Barreira6, J-P Chaput4, M Fogelholm7, G Hu3, R Kuriyan8, A Kurpad8, E V Lambert9, C Maher10, J Maia11, V Matsudo12, T Olds10, M Standage13, M S Tremblay4, C Tudor-Locke14, P Zhao15, T S Church3, P T Katzmarzyk3. 1. Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá, Colombia. 2. Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, CeiBA Complex Systems Research Center, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. 3. Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, LA, USA. 4. Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 5. Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University , Nairobi, Kenya. 6. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Exercise Science, University of Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA. 7. Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland. 8. St John's Research Institute , Bangalore, India. 9. Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa. 10. Alliance for Research In Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. 11. CIFI2D, Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal. 12. Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul , Sao Paulo, Brazil. 13. Department of Health, University of Bath , Bath, UK. 14. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA. 15. Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center , Tianjin, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Within the global context of the nutrition and physical activity transition it is important to determine the relationship between adiposity and active school transport (AST) across different environmental and socio-cultural settings. The present study assessed the association between adiposity (that is, body mass index z-score (BMIz), obesity, percentage body fat (PBF), waist circumference) and AST in 12 country sites, in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). METHODS: The analytical sample included 6797 children aged 9-11 years. Adiposity indicators included, BMIz calculated using reference data from the World Health Organization, obesity (BMIz ⩾+2 s.d.), PBF measured using bioelectrical impedance and waist circumference. School travel mode was assessed by questionnaire and categorized as active travel versus motorized travel. Multilevel linear and non-linear models were used to estimate the magnitude of the associations between adiposity indicators and AST by country site and sex. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, parental education and motorized vehicle availability, children who reported AST were less likely to be obese (odds ratio=0.72, 95% confidence interval (0.60-0.87), P<0.001) and had a lower BMIz (-0.09, s.e.m.=0.04, P=0.013), PBF (least square means (LSM) 20.57 versus 21.23% difference -0.66, s.e.m.=0.22, P=0.002) and waist circumference (LSM 63.73 cm versus 64.63 cm difference -0.90, s.e.m.=0.26, P=0.001) compared with those who reported motorized travel. Overall, associations between obesity and AST did not differ by country (P=0.279) or by sex (P=0.571). CONCLUSIONS: AST was associated with lower measures of adiposity in this multinational sample of children. Such findings could inform global efforts to prevent obesity among school-age children.
OBJECTIVES: Within the global context of the nutrition and physical activity transition it is important to determine the relationship between adiposity and active school transport (AST) across different environmental and socio-cultural settings. The present study assessed the association between adiposity (that is, body mass index z-score (BMIz), obesity, percentage body fat (PBF), waist circumference) and AST in 12 country sites, in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). METHODS: The analytical sample included 6797 children aged 9-11 years. Adiposity indicators included, BMIz calculated using reference data from the World Health Organization, obesity (BMIz ⩾+2 s.d.), PBF measured using bioelectrical impedance and waist circumference. School travel mode was assessed by questionnaire and categorized as active travel versus motorized travel. Multilevel linear and non-linear models were used to estimate the magnitude of the associations between adiposity indicators and AST by country site and sex. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, parental education and motorized vehicle availability, children who reported AST were less likely to be obese (odds ratio=0.72, 95% confidence interval (0.60-0.87), P<0.001) and had a lower BMIz (-0.09, s.e.m.=0.04, P=0.013), PBF (least square means (LSM) 20.57 versus 21.23% difference -0.66, s.e.m.=0.22, P=0.002) and waist circumference (LSM 63.73 cm versus 64.63 cm difference -0.90, s.e.m.=0.26, P=0.001) compared with those who reported motorized travel. Overall, associations between obesity and AST did not differ by country (P=0.279) or by sex (P=0.571). CONCLUSIONS: AST was associated with lower measures of adiposity in this multinational sample of children. Such findings could inform global efforts to prevent obesity among school-age children.
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