Risk factors and therapeutic coverage at 6 years in patients with previous myocardial infarction: the CASTUO study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree of risk factor control, the clinical symptoms and the therapeutic management of patients with a history of previous myocardial infarction.
METHODS: Cross-sectional study at 6 years of a first episode of acute myocardial infarction between 2000 and 2009, admitted at a hospital in the region of Extremadura (Spain). Of 2177 patients with this diagnosis, 1365 remained alive and therefore were included in the study.
RESULTS: We conducted a person-to-person survey in 666 (48.8%) individuals and telephone survey in 437 (31.9%) individuals. The former are analysed. 130 were female (19.5%). The mean age was 67.4 years and the median time since the event was 5.8 (IQR 3.6-8.2) years. Active smokers made up 13.8%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was ≥70 mg/dL: 82%, blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg (≥140/85 in diabetics): 49.8%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL: 26%, heart rate 50-59 bpm: 60.7%, and obesity: 45.9%. Patients reported presenting angina comprised 22.4% and those with dyspnoea, 29.3%. Drug coverage was: 88.0% antiplatelet drugs, 86.5% statins, 75.6% β-blockers and 65.8% blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. Patients receiving all four types of drugs made up 41.9%, with only 3.0% having jointly controlled cholesterol, blood pressure, heart rate and glycaemia.
CONCLUSIONS: LDL cholesterol, heart rate and blood pressure were risk factors with less control. More than 1/5 of patients had angina and more than 1/4, dyspnoea. Risk factor control and the clinical condition were far from optimal, as was drug coverage, although to a lesser degree.

Patients in secondary prevention after a myocardial infarction are still at high risk of recurrence and mortality in spite of good therapeutic coverage regarding the current recommendations of clinical practice guidelines. Recent European studies showed a lack of control of cardiovascular risk factors. Most of the available information comes from patients recruited from university tertiary hospitals and large cardiology centres, and the follow-up is relatively short.

This study provides information about the degree of control regarding risk factors and therapeutic coverage at 6 years in patients with a previous myocardial infarction admitted to a general hospital. Our results are very similar to those obtained in other European studies. Further, in our study, the condition of diabetes and a low estimated glomerular filtration rate were the two main important variables associated with worse control of cardiovascular risk factors.

Importantly, we show that the difficulties in obtaining control of risk factors in patients with myocardial infarction appear to be independent of the care setting and the time from the coronary event. We should make an effort to identify and more aggressively treat those patients with diabetes and a low estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Introduction

Patients with coronary heart disease represent a clinical priority for prevention due to the high risk of recurrence and the existence of effective drugs to prevent it.1 The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) supports a programme to periodically assess these patients. The latest ESC report2 highlights the persistence of poor blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control, a high prevalence of tobacco use and even a worsening of the obesity rate, compared to the previous reports. This is in spite of the good treatment coverage with drugs recommended in the clinical practice guidelines.1

Spanish data from several registries3–7 are consistent with those mentioned above, and continued improvement of treatment coverage at discharge and risk factor control in the stable disease phase has been reported.8

On the other hand, gender7 9 and age-related7 10 differences with regard to the diagnosis and treatment in the acute phase of the disease have been reported. Several authors have been calling attention to the importance of the apparent disparity in care.11 12 This is of special interest for Spain because there are estimates that the population most likely to suffer acute coronary syndromes are females and the elderly (over 75 years of age).13 We do not know if these differences in care may also be occurring in the stable phase of the disease.

To date, the main study conducted in Spain on managing stable coronary heart disease8 included a sample recruited exclusively in cardiology departments and a short time to evaluation after the coronary event. There is poor or no information regarding regional hospitals, which are distinguished by a lower use of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions during admission.7

We aimed to determine the degree of risk factor control, clinical condition and therapeutic management of patients who suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 2000 and 2009, and who were discharged from a regional hospital in the northwest of Badajoz province (Extremadura, Spain).

Methods

Design and study population

This is a cross-sectional study of those patients who survived a first AMI, between 2000 and 2009, requiring admission to a regional hospital, Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena. Of 2177 subjects who were admitted due to AMI, 1365 (62.5%) were alive during the study recruitment period, January to September 2011, of whom 666 (48.8%) agreed to participate in the person-to-person interview. Of the remaining 699, 437 were interviewed by telephone (62.5%). The most common reasons for not participating were logistical transportation difficulties (76.7%), living outside the health area or the community (26.3%) and being institutionalised in nursing homes or lacking autonomy in mobility (18.5%).

Measurements

Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment data since the hospital discharge report were collected for all subjects alive at the time of the study. For those who agreed to a personal interview, information was collected about comorbidity, risk factors, clinical condition regarding the presence of angina symptoms or dyspnoea and current drug treatment. Several anthropometric, blood pressure and 12-lead electrocardiogram tests were performed, and baseline blood and urine samples taken. A proportion of patients completed a telephone survey about clinical and treatment information.

Weight and height were measured in indoor clothing, without shoes. Waist circumference was measured with a tape measure at the midway point between the lowest rim of the rib cage and the superior iliac crest. Fasting blood pressure was measured, after 5 min of rest, using a programmable electronic OMRON HEM 907 device and a suitably sized arm band. Three measurements were taken in the dominant arm, with a 1 min pause between them. The mean of the second and third measurement was selected as the representative figure for each individual.

Venous blood was drawn after a 10 h fast, after a night’s sleep. The samples were processed at the place of extraction and were transported under standard conditions to the reference laboratory. A first morning urine sample was collected to analyse urinary albumin excretion corrected by creatinine.

Variables

Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment variables were selected at discharge and at the time of the survey, to characterise the sample and compare it with the non-participants. The variables of interest for the main analysis were persistent active tobacco use after the infarction, presenting blood pressure under 140/90 mm Hg in general and under 140/85 in patients with diabetes, having LDL-C under 70 mg/dL, heart rate less than 60 bpm and greater than 49 bpm, body mass index under 30, and abdominal circumference under 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women. The grouped analysis of LDL-C, blood pressure, heart rate and blood glucose was also considered to assess patients with better control.

The optimal medical therapy (OMT) was considered as receiving antiplatelet drugs (anticoagulants if indicated), statins, β-blockers and an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).

Other variables analysed for their prognostic interest were the presence of kidney failure, through an estimated glomerular filtration rate according to the MDRD-IDMS formula under 60 mL/min, albuminuria through an albumin/creatinine ratio in morning urine greater than 30 mg/g,14 the prevalence of patients with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol under 40 and 45 mg/dL, in men and women, respectively, or plasma triglycerides >150 mg/dL. In addition, the drug treatment was assessed for cases of angina, dyspnoea and atrial fibrillation.

Analysis

Continuous variables are expressed as the mean and SD or median and IQR, depending on the normality of distribution. Qualitative variables are expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Differences between continuous variables were analysed using Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences between qualitative variables were analysed using the χ2 test or Fisher’s test as appropriate. To determine those factors associated with the dependent variable, a multiple binary logistic regression analysis was performed. The dependent variable was considered as having at least two of the following risk factors outside the control range: LDL-C, blood pressure, blood glucose and heart rate. The independent variables tested were those that have been shown to influence control over these risk factors according to the literature, and in the bivariate analysis, where correlation with the dependent variable showed a significance level less than 0.10. The variable selection method used was enter. SPSS V.20 (IBM, USA) was used in the present study.

Results

Characteristics of the participants

In table 1, the demographic, clinical and treatment data are compared between the individuals who participated in the person-to-person survey and those who did not, at the time of hospital discharge. The participants were younger, with fewer women, less comorbidity, more coronary angiography and angioplasty performed, and more prescriptions for β-blockers and statins. Clinical and treatment data were also compared between participants in the person-to-person interview and those who completed the telephone survey (see online supplementary table S1).

Table 1

Demographic factors, medical history and medication at discharge between participants in person-to-person survey and non-participants

Variables (%)	Person-to-person surveyParticipantsN: 666	Non-participantsN: 699	p Value
Female	19.5	33.9	<0.001
Mean age (SD)	62.0 (12.2)	71.2 (11.8)	<0.001
Risk factors
Tobacco use	36.6	22.6	<0.001
HTN	89.6	92.4	0.072
Hypercholesterolaemia	75.7	61.5	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	25.8	34.5	<0.001
Subjective obesity	14.9	15.7	0.655
Comorbidity
COPD/chronic asthma	6.3	10.9	0.003
Stroke	2.7	9.9	<0.001
PAD	1.5	3.1	0.082
Kidney failure	2.0	5.9	<0.001
Heart failure (admission)	18.6	20.3	0.429
Diagnostic and revascularisation procedures
Coronary angiography	60.5	33.5	<0.001
PCI	41.4	20	<0.001
CABG	2.7	2.7	0.986
Treatment
Antiplatelets	94.3	91.4	0.040
Anticoagulants	1.2	2.7	0.044
β-blockers	77.8	67.2	<0.001
ACE inhibitors	42.6	44.9	0.396
ARB	7.5	7.3	0.881
ACE Inhibitor or ARB	50.2	52.2	0.445
Statins	70.4	55.2	<0.001
Fibrate	0.9	0.3	0.137
Calcium channel blocker	11.6	13.7	0.228
Diuretic	16.5	32.3	<0.001
Transdermal NTG	10.7	27.2	<0.001
Digoxin	1.1	3.9	0.001
OAD	9.5	11.9	0.149
Insulin	5.9	7.6	0.203

ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HTN, hypertension; NTG, nitroglycerine; OAD, oral antidiabetic; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.

Risk factors, clinical status and treatment between participants from person-to-person and telephone survey

The mean age (SD) of the participants at the time of the interview was 67.4 (12.0) years, ranging between 37 and 95 years. Women were on average 7.3 years (95% CI 5.2 to 9.4) older than men. The median time (IQR) between the coronary event and the interview was 5.8 (3.6–8.2) years, with no gender difference (table 2).

Table 2

Sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics, in overall sample and by gender

	TotalN: 666	MaleN: 536 (80.5%)	FemaleN: 130 (19.5%)	p Value
Average age (SD)	67.4 (12.0)	66.0 (11.9)	73.3 (10.6)	<0.001
Median time since coronary event (IQR)	5.8 (3.5–8.2)	5.8 (3.5–8.2)	5.5 (3.8–8.1)	0.625
Education
Illiterate/primary incomplete	141 (21.2)	97 (18.1)	44 (33.8)	<0.001
Completed primary	435 (65.4)	357 (66.7)	78 (60.0)
Secondary or higher	89 (13.4)	81 (15.2)	8 (6.2)
Risk factors
Current smoker	92 (13.8)	89 (16.6)	3 (2.3)	<0.001
Arterial hypertension	585 (88.8)	464 (87.4)	121 (95.5)	0.021
Diabetes mellitus	230 (34.5)	174 (32.5)	56 (43.1)	0.022
Comorbidity
Previous stroke	41 (6.2)	24 (4.5)	17 (13.2)	<0.001
Peripheral artery disease	13 (2.0)	13 (2.4)	0	0.083
Chronic kidney disease	28 (4.2)	20 (3.7)	8 (6.2)	0.217
COPD/asthma	82 (12.3)	66 (12.3)	16 (12.4)	0.978
Clinical condition
Angina	149 (22.4)	113 (21.1)	36 (27.9)	0.095
Dyspnoea FC (II-IV)	194 (29.1)	135 (25.2)	59 (45.4)	<0.001
FC I	469 (70.5)	399 (74.4)	70 (54.3)	<0.001
FC II	174 (26.2)	121 (22.6)	53 (41.1)
FC III	16 (2.4)	13 (2.4)	3 (2.3)
FC IV	4 (0.6)	1 (0.2)	3 (2.3)
Estimated GFR <60 mL/min	115 (17.3)	75 (14.0)	40 (30.8)	<0.001
Alb/Creat urine >30 mg/g	111 (16.8)	83 (15.6)	28 (22.0)	0.080
Atrial fibrillation	49 (7.4)	33 (6.2)	16 (12.3)	0.016
Pacemaker rhythm	14 (2.1)	12 (2.2)	2 (1.5)	0.618
LDL-C >100 mg/dL	264 (39.6)	212 (39.6)	52 (40.0)	0.925
HDL-C <40 M, <45 W	153 (23)	126 (23.5)	27 (20.8)	0.506
TGC=>150	172 (25.8)	138 (25.7)	34 (26.2)	0.924
Diagnostic and revascularisation procedure
Coronary angiography	403 (60.5)	342 (63.8)	61 (46.9)	0.001
PCI	276 (41.4)	239 (44.6)	37 (28.5)	0.001
CABG	18 (2.7)	14 (2.6)	4 (3.1)	0.769
Current medication
Antiplatelet	586 (88.0)	475 (88.8)	111 (86.0)	0.386
Statins	575 (86.5)	465 (86.9)	110 (84.6)	0.492
β-blockers	503 (75.6)	402 (75.1)	101 (77.7)	0.543
ACE inhibitors/ARB	436 (65.8)	347 (65.0)	89 (69.0)	0.389
Diuretic	251 (37.9)	185 (34.6)	66 (51.2)	0.001
Calcium channel blocker	139 (21.0)	111 (20.8)	28 (21.9)	0.794
Transdermal NTG	75 (11.3)	58 (10.9)	17 (13.3)	0.442
Anticoagulant	55 (8.3)	42 (7.9)	13 (10.1)	0.414
OAD	148 (22.2)	114 (21.3)	34 (26.2)	0.229
Insulin	55 (8.3)	39 (7.3)	16 (12.3)	0.062
OAD or insulin	173 (26.0)	132 (24.6)	41 (31.5)	0.107

Alb/Creat, urine, ratio albuminuria/creatininuria; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery by-pass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FC, functional classification, classes I-IV according to the American Heart Association; GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate according to MDRD-IDMS; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; NTG, nitroglycerine; OAD, oral antidiabetic; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TGC, triglycerides.

Table 2 shows sociodemographic, clinical and treatment data by gender. Of note, there is a substantial persistence of tobacco use in men, higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in women, and low, comparable comorbidity in both sexes. Women received fewer coronary angiographies and angioplasties. With regard to functional status, nearly one in four patients reported having angina, 66.4% of them needed sublingual nitroglycerine to relieve it, 30% mentioned having some degree of physical limitation due to dyspnoea, with women being more frequently limited, and 10% experienced both clinical conditions. Women also had a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation. The treatment prescription was similar in both sexes, except for a higher indication for diuretics in women.

Risk factor control and optimal medical therapy

The degree of control over the main risk factors by gender is presented in figure 1. Notably, we observed a high prevalence of abdominal obesity in women, and uncontrolled LDL-C, heart rate and blood pressure in men and women.

Figure 1

Level of risk factor control in the overall sample and by gender. *Prevalence differences between genders (p<0.05). Blood pressure target in patients with diabetes was lower than 140/85 mm Hg. Abdominal obesity: waist circumference ≥102 cm in men, ≥88 cm in women, BP: blood pressure (mm Hg), Glycaemia: fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), HR: heart rate (beats per minute), LDL: LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), obesity: BMI ≥30.

Figure 2 shows the proportion of subjects within the control range of the risk factors according to prescriptions of specific drugs. For blood pressure, the degree of control was no different according to the number of antihypertensive drugs indicated, with 55.1%, 49.0%, 43.1% and 55.3% for 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more drugs, respectively (p value for trend: 0.056). The number of individuals with all four risk factors within the control range was 20 (3.0%), none of them women, and 169 (25.4%) for at least three factors, (16.9% women, 27.4% men, p=0.014). Of those patients with known diabetes, 173 (75.2%) received drugs: 148 (64.3%) received oral antidiabetics and 55 (23.9%) received insulin.

Figure 2

Prevalence (%) in the control range for the various risk factors according to prescriptions of specific drugs. *Differences in prevalence (p<0.05). Blood pressure target in patients with diabetes was lower than 140/85 mm Hg. BP, blood pressure (mm Hg); Glycaemia: fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL); HR, heart rate (beats per minute); LDL, LDL cholesterol (mg/dL).

Two hundred and seventy-eight (41.9%) individuals received the OMT, reaching 296 (44.4%) if we include those who received anticoagulants, with no differences by gender in both cases. These individuals had better LDL-C (21.6% vs 15.1%, p=0.030) and heart rate (46.3% vs 33.8%, p=0.001) control, but not better blood pressure control (46.6% vs 53%, p=0.103).

Treatment indication by clinical condition

Figures 3–5 demonstrate the treatment profile of patients with symptomatic angina, some degree of dyspnoea (functional classification II-IV) and atrial fibrillation, respectively. There were few differences with regard to medication between patients with angina versus those without (figure 3). Those with dyspnoea were more likely to be taking ACE inhibitors/ARBs, diuretics, aldosterone blockers, transdermal nitroglycerine and digoxin, however, they received fewer β-blockers (figure 4). The presence of atrial fibrillation (figure 5) was associated with greater use of anticoagulants instead of antiplatelet drugs. Two patients (4.3%) did not receive either, and 4 (8.7%) received both. Other differences in atrial fibrillation were greater use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs, aldosterone blockers, digoxin and transdermal nitroglycerine.

Figure 3

Treatment indication according to the presence of angina symptoms. *Prevalence differences (p<0.05). ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; DHP/Non-DHP CCB, dihydropyridine/non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; NTG, nitroglycerine.

Figure 4

Treatment indication according to the presence of dyspnoea (functional class II-IV). *Differences in prevalence (p<0.05). ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; DHP/Non-DHP CCB, dihydropyridine/non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; NTG, nitroglycerine.

Figure 5

Treatment indication according to the presence of atrial fibrillation. *Prevalence differences (p<0.05). ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; DHP/Non-DHP CCB, dihydropyridine/non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; NTG, nitroglycerine.

Patient profile with worse risk factor control

Four hundred and ninety-seven patients (74.6%) did not have at least three of the four risk factors considered controlled. In the multivariate analysis, they were independently correlated with having a history of diabetes and an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min, adjusted by age, obesity and treatment with statins and β-blockers (table 3).

Table 3

Multivariate analysis of the factors associated with a lack of control over at least three of the following risk factors: LDL cholesterol <70 mg/dL, blood pressure <140/90 (140/85 in patients with diabetes), heart rate >49 bpm and <60 bpm, and fasting plasma glucose <126 mg/dL

Independent variables	OR	95% CI	Significance level
Age (years)	1.015	1.002 to 1.031	0.069
History of diabetes mellitus	2.343	1.522 to 3.785	<0.001
Estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min	1.834	1.041 to 3.575	0.046
Obesity (BMI ≥30)	1.395	1.031 to 2.088	0.081
Statins	0.594	0.294 to 1.024	0.093
β-blockers	0.673	0.409 to 1.028	0.082

OR, CI calculated by resampling 3000 repetitions. Hosmer-Lemeshow test: χ2 10.862, p=0.210. Harrel’s C discrimination index: 0.663 (95% CI 0.617 to 0.709), p<0.001.

Variables included in the model: age, sex, obesity (BMI ≥30), abdominal obesity (waist >102 cm in men, >88 cm in women), history of diabetes, history of chronic kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min, albumin/creatinine in morning urine ≥30 g/mg, percutaneous coronary intervention, drug treatments: antiplatelets, anticoagulants, β-blockers, statins.

BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein.

Discussion

The main finding of our study is that the control of risk factors and medical treatment in patients 6 years after an AMI is far from optimal. Through this study, we show the reality, unknown until now, about the degree of risk factor control, the symptomology associated with coronary heart disease and drug coverage in patients treated at a regional hospital.

Risk factor control

The worst controlled risk factor was LDL-C, only 18% of patients reaching the control objective, similar to the results obtained in a recent European survey2 and somewhat better than the 11.6% from the Spanish CODIMET survey.15 In our study, 87% of patients were treated with statins, above the percentage of the high income countries in the PURE study,16 70.9%, and below the Spanish and European date from the CLARIFY study8 (96% and 93%, respectively).

Heart rate is a prognostic factor17 rarely assessed in most studies. In our case, only 39.3% of patients were at optimal levels, while in the CLARIFY study,8 the mean was 65 bpm. In this regard, the most commonly used drugs were β-blockers in 75.6% of the cases, which increases the proportion of patients in the control range by 12.2%. This coverage was between 45.6% in countries with high-income levels in the PURE study,16 and 73% and 83% in the European CLARIFY8 and EUROASPIRE IV2 studies, respectively, with the exception of elevated use of ivabradine in the CLARIFY study.

Blood pressure was well controlled in 50.6% of patients, a lower proportion in women (38% vs 56%, p=0.002) and somewhat lower than those obtained in the EUROASPIRE IV study2 (56% and 58%, for women and men, respectively). The control of this risk factor represents a challenge as shown by the fact that it has not improved with the various editions of the EUROASPIRE study18 and, in our case, we observed that it did not improve with increased use of antihypertensive drugs. When we analysed ACE inhibitor/ARB prescriptions, we found that it was prescribed to 2/3 of patients, an intermediate level between the 51% in high income countries in the PURE study16 and the 75% found in the European surveys.2 8

Diabetes was a very common risk factor in our study, 34.5%, similar to that found in the Spanish data from the CLARIFY study8 and higher than the European mean of 25%. Only 75.2% of known patients with diabetes were being treated with drugs, and less than one-third had their baseline blood glucose controlled, although the cardiovascular benefit of strict control of glycaemia in these patients is not clear.19 Active tobacco use after the coronary event was very rare in women (2.3%), although most of them had never used it (data not shown). However, 16.6% of men continued smoking, somewhat fewer that the data from the EUROASPIRE IV study (18%)2 and higher than the 9.4% from the Spanish data from the CLARIFY study.8 Our sample is characterised by the high prevalence of obesity, 45.3% of men and 48.5% of women, higher figures than those obtained in the European survey,2 which were 36% and 44%, a proportion that has increased in recent editions.18

Clinical condition and drug treatment

Overall, 41% of study patients had some functional limitation caused by angina or dyspnoea (36.6% men, 59.2% women, p<0.001), clinical conditions that affect the patients’ prognosis and quality of life.1 Angina prevalence in our study (22.4%) was similar to that found in the Spanish CLARIFY data8 (21.8%), but much higher than the mean from European countries (12.6%).8 However, its presence only induced a higher use of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. Dyspnoea (functional classification II-IV) was present in a high proportion of cases (29.3%), higher than that reported in the CLARIFY study8 (7%) for both the Spanish and European data. This difference may be partially explained by that study's strict clinical stability criteria. We also emphasise the low prescription of β-blockers in these patients.

Nearly 67% of those with atrial fibrillation were on anticoagulants, which represents a low proportion of patients since the vast majority of them had a score ≥2 on the CHA2DS2-VaSc scale.20 Other Spanish studies from other areas obtained higher figures (84.1%,21 74.3%22), but among those for whom anticoagulants were indicated, ours was between the 57% from the Val-FAAP study23 and the 76.5% from the AFABE study.24 Other commonly prescribed drugs in patients with atrial fibrillation were ACE inhibitors/ARBs, diuretics and aldosterone blockers, due to possible correlation with heart failure, since they experienced dyspnoea with a higher frequency (49% per 27.7%, p=0.002).

Optimal medical therapy

The OMT has been shown to significantly reduce mortality after revascularisation.25 The coverage in that study,25 between 36% and 40%, was similar to ours, 41.9%. These patients experienced better heart rate and LDL-C control. We believe more effort is needed to bring this treatment option to as many patients as possible, since we are aware that sociodemographic and clinical factors make it difficult to do so for all.26

Factors that limit risk factor control

Variables that were independently correlated with worse control were a previous history of diabetes and a decreased glomerular filtration rate. It has been reported that diabetes makes control more difficult.26 Our novel contribution is that a reduced glomerular filtration rate also makes it harder; as such we believe early identification using the formulas recommended for that purpose14 is a priority in these patients. Being female, which presented worse control in several risk factors, was not an independent variable, nor was age. The lack of correlation between OMT and risk factor control led us to consider that the doses of the medications were not potent enough or there was a lack of adherence to medications. This latter issue has been quantified by authors in 40% of cases.27 We believe that prescribing a medication to control a risk factor is not enough, and that we should go beyond and titrate to achieve recommended doses and to encourage patients to effectively use the medications. In our study, the prescription of β-blockers and statins was associated with a 25–50% increased of patients with good control of heart rate and cholesterol levels. However, blood pressure and glucose levels did not show an association with the prescription of medication to control both objectives.

Limitations

Within the limitations, we emphasise the participation rate, which may have conditioned the results obtained, since the non-participants in the person-to-person survey were older, with fewer revascularisation interventions (percutaneous cornonary interventions) and more comorbidity. The reasons have already been explained, being primarily transportation difficulties, both for sociodemographic and clinical-functional reasons. Among the main studies we made comparisons with, EUROASPIRE IV had a similar response rate (48.7%)2 and in CLARIFY,8 the patients were recruited exclusively from cardiology departments, with those being monitored by other specialties not being represented. Other limitations were not having access to glycated haemoglobin to better assess metabolic control in patients with diabetes, imaging studies to understand heart function in patients with dyspnoea and that the angina diagnosis was exclusively clinical.

New studies and intervention measures

We consider that further efforts are needed to reduce the residual risk in patients after the occurrence of an AMI. Several interventions should be taken into consideration. First, promoting the knowledge in primary care physicians about optimal doses and benefits of following recommendations regarding guideline-recommended medications, for overcoming the therapeutic inertia. Second, to simplify the therapeutic recommendations, promoting the use of poly-pills to increase the adherence and reduce costs.28 Third, to promote programmes of cardiac rehabilitation that have been demonstrated to increase the rate of good control of risk factors26 and improve outcome.29 Finally, patients should take more responsibility in managing their disease, with the aim of changing unhealthy lifestyle habits and improving treatment adherence.30 New initiatives are emerging that promote integrated action by all possible stakeholders to achieve these changes,31 including the use of health apps for mobile telephones.32

Conclusions

We conclude that patients with a history of 6 years of AMI from a regional hospital present large deficiencies concerning their risk factor control and treatment coverage, but these findings are similar to those of other Spanish and European registries. The worst controlled risk factors were LDL-C, heart rate and blood pressure. The presence of diabetes and a reduced glomerular filtration rate might be related to worse risk factor control. The proportion of patients with angina and/or dyspnoea was higher compared to that of other studies.