Rosemarie M Bowler1, Erica S Kornblith2, Jiehui Li3, Shane W Adams1, Vihra V Gocheva1, Ralf Schwarzer4,5, James E Cone3. 1. Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California. 2. California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, San Francisco, California. 3. Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, New York, New York. 4. Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia. 5. University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: After the 9/11/2001 World Trade Center (WTC) attack, many police-responders developed PTSD and might be vulnerable to develop depression and/or anxiety. Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety is examined. METHOD: Police enrollees (N = 1,884) from the WTC Health Registry were categorized into four groups based on comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD were used. Depression (PHQ-8) and anxiety (GAD-7) were assessed with standardized psychometric inventories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify putative risk factors associated with comorbidity of PTSD. RESULTS: Of 243 (12.9% of total) police with probable PTSD, 21.8% had probable PTSD without comorbidity, 24.7% had depression, 5.8% had anxiety, and 47.7% had comorbid depression and anxiety. Risk factors for comorbid PTSD, depression, and anxiety include being Hispanic, decrease in income, experiencing physical injury on 9/11, experiencing stressful/traumatic events since 9/11, and being unemployed/retired. CONCLUSION: Nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:425-436, 2016.
BACKGROUND: After the 9/11/2001 World Trade Center (WTC) attack, many police-responders developed PTSD and might be vulnerable to develop depression and/or anxiety. Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety is examined. METHOD: Police enrollees (N = 1,884) from the WTC Health Registry were categorized into four groups based on comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD were used. Depression (PHQ-8) and anxiety (GAD-7) were assessed with standardized psychometric inventories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify putative risk factors associated with comorbidity of PTSD. RESULTS: Of 243 (12.9% of total) police with probable PTSD, 21.8% had probable PTSD without comorbidity, 24.7% had depression, 5.8% had anxiety, and 47.7% had comorbid depression and anxiety. Risk factors for comorbid PTSD, depression, and anxiety include being Hispanic, decrease in income, experiencing physical injury on 9/11, experiencing stressful/traumatic events since 9/11, and being unemployed/retired. CONCLUSION: Nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:425-436, 2016.
Authors: Jiehui Li; Kimberly Caramanica Zweig; Robert M Brackbill; Mark R Farfel; James E Cone Journal: Qual Life Res Date: 2017-12-20 Impact factor: 4.147
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