OBJECTIVE: Following the World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attack in New York City, prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression remain elevated. Although social support and self-efficacy have been associated with PTSD, little is known about their differential effect on PTSD and depressive comorbidity. METHOD: WTC tower survivors (n = 1,304) were assessed at Wave 1 (2003-2004), Wave 2 (2006-2007), Wave 3 (2011-2012), and Wave 4 (2015-2016). RESULTS: At Wave 4, 13.0% of participants had probable PTSD, a decrease from 16.5% at Wave 1. In addition, 4.1% (54) were identified as having PTSD alone, 6.8% (89) had depression alone, and 8.9% (116) had comorbid PTSD and depression. Of those with PTSD, 68.2% also had comorbid depression. WTC tower survivors with PTSD and comorbid depression reported greater PTSD symptom severity and were more likely to have had greater exposure to the events of 9/11 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.14) and lower self-efficacy (aOR = 0.85) than those with depression alone. Less perceived social support predicted only depression and not PTSD, whereas less perceived self-efficacy equally predicted having PTSD or depression (aOR = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that self-efficacy may be more important to the severity and chronicity of PTSD symptoms than social support. Multivariate comparisons suggest that PTSD with comorbid depression is a presentation of trauma-dependent psychopathologies, as opposed to depression alone following trauma, which was independent of trauma exposure and may be secondary to the traumatic event and posttraumatic response. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
OBJECTIVE: Following the World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attack in New York City, prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression remain elevated. Although social support and self-efficacy have been associated with PTSD, little is known about their differential effect on PTSD and depressive comorbidity. METHOD: WTC tower survivors (n = 1,304) were assessed at Wave 1 (2003-2004), Wave 2 (2006-2007), Wave 3 (2011-2012), and Wave 4 (2015-2016). RESULTS: At Wave 4, 13.0% of participants had probable PTSD, a decrease from 16.5% at Wave 1. In addition, 4.1% (54) were identified as having PTSD alone, 6.8% (89) had depression alone, and 8.9% (116) had comorbid PTSD and depression. Of those with PTSD, 68.2% also had comorbid depression. WTC tower survivors with PTSD and comorbid depression reported greater PTSD symptom severity and were more likely to have had greater exposure to the events of 9/11 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.14) and lower self-efficacy (aOR = 0.85) than those with depression alone. Less perceived social support predicted only depression and not PTSD, whereas less perceived self-efficacy equally predicted having PTSD or depression (aOR = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that self-efficacy may be more important to the severity and chronicity of PTSD symptoms than social support. Multivariate comparisons suggest that PTSD with comorbid depression is a presentation of trauma-dependent psychopathologies, as opposed to depression alone following trauma, which was independent of trauma exposure and may be secondary to the traumatic event and posttraumatic response. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Authors: Rosemarie M Bowler; Shane W Adams; Vihra V Gocheva; Jiehui Li; Donna Mergler; Robert Brackbill; James E Cone Journal: J Trauma Stress Date: 2017-11-13
Authors: Adam D Brown; Nicole A Kouri; Nadia Rahman; Amy Joscelyne; Richard A Bryant; Charles R Marmar Journal: Psychiatry Res Date: 2016-05-20 Impact factor: 3.222
Authors: Sydney Chiu; Justin K Niles; Mayris P Webber; Rachel Zeig-Owens; Jackson Gustave; Roy Lee; Linda Rizzotto; Kerry J Kelly; Hillel W Cohen; David J Prezant Journal: Public Health Rep Date: 2011 Mar-Apr Impact factor: 2.792
Authors: Kurt Kroenke; Tara W Strine; Robert L Spitzer; Janet B W Williams; Joyce T Berry; Ali H Mokdad Journal: J Affect Disord Date: 2008-08-27 Impact factor: 4.839
Authors: Mark Farfel; Laura DiGrande; Robert Brackbill; Angela Prann; James Cone; Stephen Friedman; Deborah J Walker; Grant Pezeshki; Pauline Thomas; Sandro Galea; David Williamson; Thomas R Frieden; Lorna Thorpe Journal: J Urban Health Date: 2008-09-11 Impact factor: 3.671
Authors: Kaitlin E Bountress; Shannon E Cusack; Abigail H Conley; Steven H Aggen; Jasmin Vassileva; Danielle M Dick; Ananda B Amstadter Journal: Eur J Psychotraumatol Date: 2021-06-24
Authors: Tore Aune; Else Marie Lysfjord Juul; Deborah C Beidel; Hans M Nordahl; Robert D Dvorak Journal: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2020-04-16 Impact factor: 4.785
Authors: Sze Yan Liu; Jiehui Li; Lydia F Leon; Ralf Schwarzer; James E Cone Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-24 Impact factor: 3.390