Amit V Khera1, Hong-Hee Won2, Gina M Peloso3, Kim S Lawson4, Traci M Bartz5, Xuan Deng6, Elisabeth M van Leeuwen7, Pradeep Natarajan1, Connor A Emdin8, Alexander G Bick8, Alanna C Morrison4, Jennifer A Brody9, Namrata Gupta8, Akihiro Nomura10, Thorsten Kessler11, Stefano Duga12, Joshua C Bis9, Cornelia M van Duijn7, L Adrienne Cupples6, Bruce Psaty13, Daniel J Rader14, John Danesh15, Heribert Schunkert11, Ruth McPherson16, Martin Farrall17, Hugh Watkins17, Eric Lander8, James G Wilson18, Adolfo Correa19, Eric Boerwinkle4, Piera Angelica Merlini20, Diego Ardissino21, Danish Saleheen22, Stacey Gabriel8, Sekar Kathiresan23. 1. Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2. Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 3. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 4. Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. 5. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 6. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 7. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. 8. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 9. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 10. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan. 11. Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, München, Germany, and Munich Heart Alliance, München, Germany. 12. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy, and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy. 13. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 14. Departments of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 15. Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 16. University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada. 17. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. 18. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi. 19. Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi. 20. Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy. 21. Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, and ASTC: Associazione per lo Studio Della Trombosi in Cardiologia, Pavia, Italy. 22. Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 23. Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Electronic address: skathiresan1@mgh.harvard.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Approximately 7% of American adults have severe hypercholesterolemia (untreated low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl), which may be due to familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Lifelong LDL cholesterol elevations in FH mutation carriers may confer coronary artery disease (CAD) risk beyond that captured by a single LDL cholesterol measurement. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the prevalence of an FH mutation among those with severe hypercholesterolemia and determined whether CAD risk varies according to mutation status beyond the observed LDL cholesterol level. METHODS: Three genes causative for FH (LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9) were sequenced in 26,025 participants from 7 case-control studies (5,540 CAD case subjects, 8,577 CAD-free control subjects) and 5 prospective cohort studies (11,908 participants). FH mutations included loss-of-function variants in LDLR, missense mutations in LDLR predicted to be damaging, and variants linked to FH in ClinVar, a clinical genetics database. RESULTS: Among 20,485 CAD-free control and prospective cohort participants, 1,386 (6.7%) had LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl; of these, only 24 (1.7%) carried an FH mutation. Within any stratum of observed LDL cholesterol, risk of CAD was higher among FH mutation carriers than noncarriers. Compared with a reference group with LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dl and no mutation, participants with LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl and no FH mutation had a 6-fold higher risk for CAD (odds ratio: 6.0; 95% confidence interval: 5.2 to 6.9), whereas those with both LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl and an FH mutation demonstrated a 22-fold increased risk (odds ratio: 22.3; 95% confidence interval: 10.7 to 53.2). In an analysis of participants with serial lipid measurements over many years, FH mutation carriers had higher cumulative exposure to LDL cholesterol than noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS: Among participants with LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl, gene sequencing identified an FH mutation in <2%. However, for any observed LDL cholesterol, FH mutation carriers had substantially increased risk for CAD.
BACKGROUND: Approximately 7% of American adults have severe hypercholesterolemia (untreated low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl), which may be due to familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Lifelong LDL cholesterol elevations in FH mutation carriers may confer coronary artery disease (CAD) risk beyond that captured by a single LDL cholesterol measurement. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the prevalence of an FH mutation among those with severe hypercholesterolemia and determined whether CAD risk varies according to mutation status beyond the observed LDL cholesterol level. METHODS: Three genes causative for FH (LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9) were sequenced in 26,025 participants from 7 case-control studies (5,540 CAD case subjects, 8,577 CAD-free control subjects) and 5 prospective cohort studies (11,908 participants). FH mutations included loss-of-function variants in LDLR, missense mutations in LDLR predicted to be damaging, and variants linked to FH in ClinVar, a clinical genetics database. RESULTS: Among 20,485 CAD-free control and prospective cohort participants, 1,386 (6.7%) had LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl; of these, only 24 (1.7%) carried an FH mutation. Within any stratum of observed LDL cholesterol, risk of CAD was higher among FH mutation carriers than noncarriers. Compared with a reference group with LDL cholesterol <130 mg/dl and no mutation, participants with LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl and no FH mutation had a 6-fold higher risk for CAD (odds ratio: 6.0; 95% confidence interval: 5.2 to 6.9), whereas those with both LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl and an FH mutation demonstrated a 22-fold increased risk (odds ratio: 22.3; 95% confidence interval: 10.7 to 53.2). In an analysis of participants with serial lipid measurements over many years, FH mutation carriers had higher cumulative exposure to LDL cholesterol than noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS: Among participants with LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl, gene sequencing identified an FH mutation in <2%. However, for any observed LDL cholesterol, FH mutation carriers had substantially increased risk for CAD.
Authors: Fernando Civeira; Emilio Ros; Estibaliz Jarauta; Nuria Plana; Daniel Zambon; Jose Puzo; Juan P Martinez de Esteban; Juan Ferrando; Sergio Zabala; Fatima Almagro; Jose A Gimeno; Luis Masana; Miguel Pocovi Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2008-08-27 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Bruce M Psaty; Christopher J O'Donnell; Vilmundur Gudnason; Kathryn L Lunetta; Aaron R Folsom; Jerome I Rotter; André G Uitterlinden; Tamara B Harris; Jacqueline C M Witteman; Eric Boerwinkle Journal: Circ Cardiovasc Genet Date: 2009-02
Authors: Nathan O Stitziel; Hong-Hee Won; Alanna C Morrison; Gina M Peloso; Ron Do; Leslie A Lange; Pierre Fontanillas; Namrata Gupta; Stefano Duga; Anuj Goel; Martin Farrall; Danish Saleheen; Paola Ferrario; Inke König; Rosanna Asselta; Piera A Merlini; Nicola Marziliano; Maria Francesca Notarangelo; Ursula Schick; Paul Auer; Themistocles L Assimes; Muredach Reilly; Robert Wilensky; Daniel J Rader; G Kees Hovingh; Thomas Meitinger; Thorsten Kessler; Adnan Kastrati; Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz; David Siscovick; Jerome I Rotter; Stanely L Hazen; Russell Tracy; Sharon Cresci; John Spertus; Rebecca Jackson; Stephen M Schwartz; Pradeep Natarajan; Jacy Crosby; Donna Muzny; Christie Ballantyne; Stephen S Rich; Christopher J O'Donnell; Goncalo Abecasis; Shamil Sunaev; Deborah A Nickerson; Julie E Buring; Paul M Ridker; Daniel I Chasman; Erin Austin; Iftikhar J Kullo; Peter E Weeke; Christian M Shaffer; Lisa A Bastarache; Joshua C Denny; Dan M Roden; Colin Palmer; Panos Deloukas; Dan-Yu Lin; Zheng-zheng Tang; Jeanette Erdmann; Heribert Schunkert; John Danesh; Jaume Marrugat; Roberto Elosua; Diego Ardissino; Ruth McPherson; Hugh Watkins; Alex P Reiner; James G Wilson; David Altshuler; Richard A Gibbs; Eric S Lander; Eric Boerwinkle; Stacey Gabriel; Sekar Kathiresan Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2014-11-12 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Melissa J Landrum; Jennifer M Lee; George R Riley; Wonhee Jang; Wendy S Rubinstein; Deanna M Church; Donna R Maglott Journal: Nucleic Acids Res Date: 2013-11-14 Impact factor: 16.971
Authors: Michael G Levin; Rachel L Kember; Renae Judy; David Birtwell; Heather Williams; Zolt Arany; Jay Giri; Marie Guerraty; Tom Cappola; Jinbo Chen; Daniel J Rader; Scott M Damrauer Journal: Circ Genom Precis Med Date: 2018-11