Carolyn G DiGuiseppi1, Julie L Daniels2, Daniele M Fallin3, Steven A Rosenberg4, Laura A Schieve5, Kathleen C Thomas6, Gayle C Windham7, Cynthia W Goss8, Gnakub N Soke8, Dustin W Currie8, Alison B Singer9, Li-Ching Lee9, Pilar Bernal10, Lisa A Croen11, Lisa A Miller12, Jennifer A Pinto-Martin13, Lisa M Young13, Diana E Schendel5. 1. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Campus Box B119, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address: Carolyn.DiGuiseppi@ucdenver.edu. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA. 3. Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, HH 850, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Campus Box F546, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. 5. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. 6. Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., CB#7590, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7590, USA. 7. California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Bldg. P/EHIB, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Campus Box B119, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. 9. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 10. Kaiser Permanente, ASD Center, Department of Psychiatry, 6620 Via del Oro, San Jose, CA 95119, USA. 11. Autism Research Program, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. 12. Division of Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246-1530, USA. 13. Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Research and Epidemiology (CADDRE), University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 418 Curie Blvd, Claire Fagan Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is designed to enhance knowledge of autism spectrum disorder characteristics and etiologies. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the demographic profile of enrolled families and examines sociodemographic differences between children with autism spectrum disorder and children with other developmental problems or who are typically developing. METHODS: This multi-site case-control study used health, education, and birth certificate records to identify and enroll children aged 2-5 years into one of three groups: 1) cases (children with autism spectrum disorder), 2) developmental delay or disorder controls, or 3) general population controls. Study group classification was based on sampling source, prior diagnoses, and study screening tests and developmental evaluations. The child's primary caregiver provided demographic characteristics through a telephone (or occasionally face-to-face) interview. Groups were compared using ANOVA, chi-squared test, or multinomial logistic regression as appropriate. RESULTS: Of 2768 study children, sizeable proportions were born to mothers of non-White race (31.7%), Hispanic ethnicity (11.4%), and foreign birth (17.6%); 33.0% of households had incomes below the US median. The autism spectrum disorder and population control groups differed significantly on nearly all sociodemographic parameters. In contrast, the autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay or disorder groups had generally similar sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: SEED enrolled a sociodemographically diverse sample, which will allow further, in-depth exploration of sociodemographic differences between study groups and provide novel opportunities to explore sociodemographic influences on etiologic risk factor associations with autism spectrum disorder and phenotypic subtypes.
BACKGROUND: The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is designed to enhance knowledge of autism spectrum disorder characteristics and etiologies. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the demographic profile of enrolled families and examines sociodemographic differences between children with autism spectrum disorder and children with other developmental problems or who are typically developing. METHODS: This multi-site case-control study used health, education, and birth certificate records to identify and enroll children aged 2-5 years into one of three groups: 1) cases (children with autism spectrum disorder), 2) developmental delay or disorder controls, or 3) general population controls. Study group classification was based on sampling source, prior diagnoses, and study screening tests and developmental evaluations. The child's primary caregiver provided demographic characteristics through a telephone (or occasionally face-to-face) interview. Groups were compared using ANOVA, chi-squared test, or multinomial logistic regression as appropriate. RESULTS: Of 2768 study children, sizeable proportions were born to mothers of non-White race (31.7%), Hispanic ethnicity (11.4%), and foreign birth (17.6%); 33.0% of households had incomes below the US median. The autism spectrum disorder and population control groups differed significantly on nearly all sociodemographic parameters. In contrast, the autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay or disorder groups had generally similar sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: SEED enrolled a sociodemographically diverse sample, which will allow further, in-depth exploration of sociodemographic differences between study groups and provide novel opportunities to explore sociodemographic influences on etiologic risk factor associations with autism spectrum disorder and phenotypic subtypes.
Authors: Raymond F Palmer; Tatjana Walker; David Mandell; Bryan Bayles; Claudia S Miller Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2009-12-17 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Lisa D Wiggins; Ann Reynolds; Catherine E Rice; Eric J Moody; Pilar Bernal; Lisa Blaskey; Steven A Rosenberg; Li-Ching Lee; Susan E Levy Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2015-05
Authors: Diana E Schendel; Carolyn Diguiseppi; Lisa A Croen; M Daniele Fallin; Philip L Reed; Laura A Schieve; Lisa D Wiggins; Julie Daniels; Judith Grether; Susan E Levy; Lisa Miller; Craig Newschaffer; Jennifer Pinto-Martin; Cordelia Robinson; Gayle C Windham; Aimee Alexander; Arthur S Aylsworth; Pilar Bernal; Joseph D Bonner; Lisa Blaskey; Chyrise Bradley; Jack Collins; Casara J Ferretti; Homayoon Farzadegan; Ellen Giarelli; Marques Harvey; Susan Hepburn; Matthew Herr; Kristina Kaparich; Rebecca Landa; Li-Ching Lee; Brooke Levenseller; Stacey Meyerer; Mohammad H Rahbar; Andria Ratchford; Ann Reynolds; Steven Rosenberg; Julie Rusyniak; Stuart K Shapira; Karen Smith; Margaret Souders; Patrick Aaron Thompson; Lisa Young; Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2012-10
Authors: C Stoltenberg; S Schjølberg; M Bresnahan; M Hornig; D Hirtz; C Dahl; K K Lie; T Reichborn-Kjennerud; P Schreuder; E Alsaker; A-S Øyen; P Magnus; P Surén; E Susser; W I Lipkin Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2010-07 Impact factor: 15.992
Authors: Robert M Joseph; Steven J Korzeniewski; Elizabeth N Allred; T Michael O'Shea; Tim Heeren; Jean A Frazier; Janice Ware; Deborah Hirtz; Alan Leviton; Karl Kuban Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 2016-11-12 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Eric Rubenstein; Jessica C Young; Lisa A Croen; Carolyn DiGuiseppi; Nicole F Dowling; Li-Ching Lee; Laura Schieve; Lisa D Wiggins; Julie Daniels Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2019-01
Authors: Susan E Levy; Jennifer A Pinto-Martin; Chyrise B Bradley; Jesse Chittams; Susan L Johnson; Juhi Pandey; Alison Pomykacz; AnnJosette Ramirez; Ann Reynolds; Eric Rubenstein; Laura A Schieve; Stuart K Shapira; Aleda Thompson; Lisa Young; Tanja V E Kral Journal: J Pediatr Date: 2018-10-09 Impact factor: 4.406
Authors: Katherine R Sabourin; Ann Reynolds; Diana Schendel; Steven Rosenberg; Lisa A Croen; Jennifer A Pinto-Martin; Laura A Schieve; Craig Newschaffer; Li-Ching Lee; Carolyn DiGuiseppi Journal: Autism Res Date: 2018-11-26 Impact factor: 5.216
Authors: Alison B Singer; Arthur S Aylsworth; Christina Cordero; Lisa A Croen; Carolyn DiGuiseppi; M Daniele Fallin; Amy H Herring; Stephen R Hooper; Rebecca E Pretzel; Laura A Schieve; Gayle C Windham; Julie L Daniels Journal: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol Date: 2017-09-07 Impact factor: 3.980
Authors: Robert M Joseph; Thomas M O'Shea; Elizabeth N Allred; Tim Heeren; Deborah Hirtz; Nigel Paneth; Alan Leviton; Karl C K Kuban Journal: Autism Res Date: 2016-05-25 Impact factor: 5.216
Authors: Carolyn DiGuiseppi; Susan E Levy; Katherine R Sabourin; Gnakub N Soke; Steven Rosenberg; Li-Ching Lee; Eric Moody; Laura A Schieve Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2018-02
Authors: Tanja Ve Kral; Jesse Chittams; Chyrise B Bradley; Julie L Daniels; Carolyn G DiGuiseppi; Susan L Johnson; Juhi Pandey; Jennifer A Pinto-Martin; Neloufar Rahai; AnnJosette Ramirez; Laura A Schieve; Aleda Thompson; Gayle Windham; Whitney York; Lisa Young; Susan E Levy Journal: Autism Date: 2018-08-13