| Literature DB >> 26910545 |
Valeska Carvalho Figueiredo1, André Salem Szklo2, Letícia Casado Costa3, Maria Cristina C Kuschnir4, Thiago Luiz Nogueira da Silva5, Katia Vergetti Bloch5, Moyses Szklo5.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalences of tobacco use, tobacco experimentation, and frequent smoking among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated participants of the cross-sectional, nation-wide, school-based Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which included 12- to 17-year-old adolescents from municipalities of over 100 thousand inhabitants. The study sample had a clustered, stratified design and was representative of the whole country, its geographical regions, and all 27 state capitals. The information was obtained with self-administered questionnaires. Tobacco experimentation was defined as having tried cigarettes at least once in life. Adolescents who had smoked on at least one day over the previous 30 days were considered current cigarette smokers. Having smoked cigarettes for at least seven consecutive days was an indicator for regular consumption of tobacco. Considering the complex sampling design, prevalences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated according to sociodemographic and socio-environmental characteristics. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents. Among these, 18.5% (95%CI 17.7-19.4) had smoked at least once in life, 5.7% (95%CI 5.3-6.2) smoked at the time of the research, and 2.5% (95%CI 2.2-2.8) smoked often. Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years had higher prevalences for all indicators than those aged 12 to 14 years. The prevalences did not differ significantly between sexes. The highest prevalences were found in the South region and the lowest ones, in the Northeast region. Regardless of sex, the prevalences were found to be higher for adolescents who had had paid jobs, who lived with only one parent, and who reported having been in contact with smokers either inside or outside their homes. Female public school adolescents were found to smoke more than the ones from private schools. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use among adolescents is still a challenge. Intending to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among young people, especially the ones under socioeconomic vulnerability conditions, Brazil must consolidate and increase effective public health care measures.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2016 PMID: 26910545 PMCID: PMC4767033 DOI: 10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006741
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Estimated number of smokers and prevalences of tobacco use among students according to consumption level, sex, age range, and macro-region. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
| Variable | nest a | Brazil | North | Northeast | Midwest | Southeast | Sout | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | ||
| Tobacco experimentationb | |||||||||||||
| Male | 956,348 | 18.8 | 17.7-19.9 | 20.2 | 18.9-21.4 | 15.7 | 13.7-18.0 | 21.8 | 18.9-25.2 | 18.5 | 16.8-20.3 | 22.4 | 20.0-25.1 |
| 12-14 | 284,045 | 10.5 | 9.4-11.7 | 11.6 | 10.2-13.1 | 8.9 | 6.6-12.0 | 12.0 | 10.1-14.2 | 9.1 | 7.6-11.0 | 17.8 | 14.6-21.5 |
| 15-17 | 672,303 | 28.0 | 26.4-29.8 | 29.7 | 27.7-31.7 | 23.3 | 20.3-26.5 | 32.8 | 27.2-38.9 | 29.1 | 26.4-32.0 | 27.8 | 24.9-30.9 |
| Female | 924,018 | 18.3 | 17.2-19.4 | 18.2 | 16.8-19.8 | 14.6 | 13.3-16.0 | 21.1 | 19.3-23.1 | 18.1 | 16.1-20.1 | 24.3 | 21.3-27.4 |
| 12-14 | 294,112 | 11.1 | 9.9-12.3 | 12.3 | 10.8-14.1 | 9.4 | 7.6-11.4 | 13.0 | 11.0-15.2 | 9.7 | 7.9-11.8 | 18.3 | 14.6-22.7 |
| 15-17 | 629,906 | 26.2 | 24.4-28.2 | 24.8 | 22.8-26.9 | 20.3 | 18.5-22.1 | 27.4 | 24.0-31.0 | 31.0 | 27.6-34.7 | 30.0 | 26.3-33.9 |
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| Total | 1,880,367 | 18.5 | 17.7-19.4 | 19.2 | 18.1-20.4 | 15.2 | 13.9-16.5 | 21.5 | 19.9-23.1 | 18.3 | 16.9-19.8 | 23.3 | 21.5-25.3 |
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| Current tobacco usec | |||||||||||||
| Male | 310,039 | 6.0 | 5.5-6.7 | 6.6 | 5.6-7.6 | 5.1 | 4.0-6.2 | 6.9 | 5.3-8.5 | 6.1 | 5.1-7.1 | 7.0 | 5.1-8.9 |
| 12-14 | 105,006 | 3.9 | 3.2-4.6 | 4.0 | 3.1-5.0 | 2.4 | 1.5-3.3 | 4.0 | 2.4-5.7 | 4.1 | 2.8-5.3 | 5.6 | 3.7-7.5 |
| 15-17 | 205,033 | 8.5 | 7.5-9.6 | 9.4 | 7.6-11.2 | 8.1 | 6.2-10.0 | 10.2 | 7.3 - 13.0 | 8.3 | 6.7-10.0 | 8.7 | 5.6-11.7 |
| Female | 269,024 | 5.3 | 4.8-5.8 | 5.1 | 4.3-6.1 | 4.2 | 3.4-5.1 | 5.7 | 4.6-6.8 | 5.2 | 4.5-6.0 | 7.6 | 5.7-9.5 |
| 12-14 | 98,965 | 3.7 | 3.1-4.3 | 3.8 | 2.9-4.8 | 3.4 | 2.2-4.5 | 4.2 | 2.8-5.6 | 3.2 | 2.3-4.2 | 6.1 | 3.9-8.3 |
| 15-17 | 170,059 | 7.1 | 6.3-7.9 | 6.7 | 5.4-8.0 | 5.2 | 4.4-6.1 | 7.3 | 5.9-8.8 | 7.4 | 6.0-8.8 | 9.3 | 6.3-12.2 |
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| Total | 579,063 | 5.7 | 5.3-6.2 | 5.9 | 5.2-6.7 | 4.7 | 4.0-5.6 | 6.3 | 5.2-7.6 | 5.7 | 5.0-6.4 | 7.3 | 6.2-8.7 |
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| Smoked for seven consecutive daysd | |||||||||||||
| Male | 136066 | 2.7 | 2.3-3.1 | 2.3 | 1.9-2.9 | 1.7 | 1.1-2.4 | 4.5 | 3.0-6.9 | 2.7 | 2.1-3.5 | 3.3 | 2.6-4.4 |
| 12-14 | 29,515 | 1.1 | 0.8-1.4 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.3 | 1.1 | 0.5-2.2 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.6 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.4 | 2.1 | 1.2-3.8 |
| 15-17 | 106,551 | 4.4 | 3.7-5.3 | 4.0 | 3.1-5.1 | 2.3 | 1.7-3.2 | 7.8 | 4.7-12.7 | 4.8 | 3.7-6.3 | 4.8 | 3.7-6.1 |
| Female | 113,968 | 2.3 | 1.9-2.7 | 2.0 | 1.4-2.9 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.8 | 3.0 | 2.4-3.7 | 2.3 | 1.7-3.0 | 3.7 | 2.7-5.1 |
| 12-14 | 29,758 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.4 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.7 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.6 | 1.6 | 0.9-2.9 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.5 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.3 |
| 15-17 | 84,210 | 3.5 | 2.8-4.2 | 2.5 | 1.7-3.5 | 1.7 | 1.7-2.4 | 4.5 | 3.5-5.8 | 3.7 | 2.6-5.1 | 6.3 | 4.3-8.9 |
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| Total | 250,034 | 2.5 | 2.2-2.8 | 2.2 | 1.7-2.7 | 1.5 | 1.1-1.9 | 2.5 | 1.9-3.1 | 3.5 | 2.9-4.3 | 3.8 | 2.8-5.1 |
a nest: estimated number of smokers using population estimates based on processing of microdata from IBGE’s 2000 and 2010 Demographic Sensusesb.
b Tobacco experimentation – tried smoking cigarettes at least once in life.
c Current tobacco use – smoked at least one day over the previous 30 days.
d Smoked for seven consecutive days – smoked for at least seven consecutive days in life.
FigurePrevalences (%) and 95%CI of tobacco use in male (A) and female (B) adolescents according to state capitals and strata of municipalities with over 100 thousand inhabitants in the countryside cities of the regions. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
Prevalence of tobacco use (% of students who smoked at least one day over the previous 30 days), according to socioeconomic variables, exposure to smokers, and sex. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
| Variable | Male | Female | ||
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| % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Black or | 5.4 | 4.5-6.2 | 5.0 | 4.2-5.8 |
| White or others | 6.4 | 5.6-7.2 | 5.5 | 4.9-6.1 |
| Mother’s education level (years of schooling)b | ||||
| < 8 | 5.6 | 4.9-6.2 | 4.6 | 4.0-5.3 |
| ≥ 8 | 5.7 | 4.3-7.1 | 5.4 | 4.4-6.4 |
| Father’s education level (years of schooling)c | ||||
| < 8 | 4.9 | 3.9-5.8 | 3.1 | 2.4-4.1 |
| ≥ 8 | 4.9 | 3.3-6.4 | 4.3 | 2.7-5.9 |
| Has had a paid job | ||||
| Yes | 9.3 | 8.1-10.5 | 8.8 | 7.5-10.1 |
| No | 5.0 | 4.3-5.6 | 4.6 | 4.0-5.1 |
| Type of family | ||||
| Living with both parents | 4.8 | 4.0-5.5 | 4.4 | 3.8-5.1 |
| Other | 8.0 | 6.8-9.2 | 6.4 | 5.7-7.1 |
| Has been in contact with smokers at home | ||||
| Yes | 8.1 | 6.7-9.6 | 7.1 | 6.2-8.0 |
| No | 5.4 | 4.7-6.1 | 4.5 | 4.0-5.1 |
| Has been in contact with smokers outside home | ||||
| Yes | 9.9 | 8.6-11.1 | 7.6 | 6.8-8.4 |
| No | 3.6 | 3.0-4.3 | 2.7 | 2.2-3.3 |
| Type of school | ||||
| Public | 6.1 | 5.6-6.9 | 5.7 | 5.1-6.2 |
| Private | 5.2 | 3.5-7.0 | 3.7 | 2.3-5.1 |
a Mixed race involving African ancestry.
b 23.8% without information.
c 24.4% without information.
Número estimado de escolares fumantes e prevalências de tabagismo por nível de consumo, sexo, grupo etário e macrorregião. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
| Variável | nest a | Brasil | Norte | Nordeste | Centro-Oeste | Sudeste | Sul | ||||||
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| % | IC95% | % | IC95% | % | IC95% | % | IC95% | % | IC95% | % | IC95% | ||
| Experimentaçãob | |||||||||||||
| Masculino | 956.348 | 18,8 | 17,7-19,9 | 20,2 | 18,9-21,4 | 15,7 | 13,7-18,0 | 21,8 | 18,9-25,2 | 18,5 | 16,8-20,3 | 22,4 | 20,0-25,1 |
| 12-14 | 284.045 | 10,5 | 9.4-11.7 | 11,6 | 10.2-13.1 | 8,9 | 6,6-12,0 | 12,0 | 10,1-14,2 | 9,1 | 7,6-11,0 | 17,8 | 14,6-21,5 |
| 15-17 | 672.303 | 28,0 | 26,4-29,8 | 29,7 | 27,7-31,7 | 23,3 | 20,3-26,5 | 32,8 | 27,2-38,9 | 29,1 | 26,4-32,0 | 27,8 | 24,9-30,9 |
| Feminino | 924.018 | 18,3 | 17,2-19,4 | 18,2 | 16,8-19,8 | 14,6 | 13,3-16,0 | 21,1 | 19,3-23,1 | 18,1 | 16,1-20,1 | 24,3 | 21,3-27,4 |
| 12-14 | 294.112 | 11,1 | 9,9-12,3 | 12,3 | 10,8-14,1 | 9,4 | 7,6-11,4 | 13,0 | 11,0-15,2 | 9,7 | 7,9-11,8 | 18,3 | 14,6-22,7 |
| 15-17 | 629.906 | 26,2 | 24,4-28,2 | 24,8 | 22,8-26,9 | 20,3 | 18,5-22,1 | 27,4 | 24,0-31,0 | 31,0 | 27,6-34,7 | 30,0 | 26,3-33,9 |
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| Total | 1.880.367 | 18,5 | 17,7-19,4 | 19,2 | 18,1-20,4 | 15,2 | 13,9-16,5 | 21,5 | 19,9-23,1 | 18,3 | 16,9-19,8 | 23,3 | 21,5-25,3 |
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| Tabagismo atualc | |||||||||||||
| Masculino | 310.039 | 6,0 | 5,5-6,7 | 6,6 | 5,6-7,6 | 5,1 | 4,0-6,2 | 6,9 | 5,3-8,5 | 6,1 | 5,1-7,1 | 7,0 | 5,1-8,9 |
| 12-14 | 105.006 | 3,9 | 3,2-4,6 | 4,0 | 3,1-5,0 | 2,4 | 1,5-3,3 | 4,0 | 2,4-5,7 | 4,1 | 2,8-5,3 | 5,6 | 3,7-7,5 |
| 15-17 | 205.033 | 8,5 | 7,5-9,6 | 9,4 | 7,6-11,2 | 8,1 | 6,2-10,0 | 10,2 | 7,3-13,0 | 8,3 | 6,7-10,0 | 8,7 | 5,6-11,7 |
| Feminino | 269.024 | 5,3 | 4,8-5,8 | 5,1 | 4,3-6,1 | 4,2 | 3,4-5,1 | 5,7 | 4,6-6,8 | 5,2 | 4,5-6,0 | 7,6 | 5,7-9,5 |
| 12-14 | 98.965 | 3,7 | 3,1-4,3 | 3,8 | 2,9-4,8 | 3,4 | 2,2-4,5 | 4,2 | 2,8-5,6 | 3,2 | 2,3-4,2 | 6,1 | 3,9-8,3 |
| 15-17 | 170.059 | 7,1 | 6,3-7,9 | 6,7 | 5,4-8,0 | 5,2 | 4,4-6,1 | 7,3 | 5,9-8,8 | 7,4 | 6,0-8,8 | 9,3 | 6,3-12,2 |
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| Total | 579.063 | 5,7 | 5,3-6,2 | 5,9 | 5,2-6,7 | 4,7 | 4,0-5,6 | 6,3 | 5,2-7,6 | 5,7 | 5,0-6,4 | 7,3 | 6,2-8,7 |
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| Fumou 7 dias seguidosd | |||||||||||||
| Masculino | 136.066 | 2,7 | 2,3-3,1 | 2,3 | 1,9-2,9 | 1,7 | 1,1-2,4 | 4,5 | 3,0-6,9 | 2,7 | 2,1-3,5 | 3,3 | 2,6-4,4 |
| 12-14 | 29.515 | 1,1 | 0,8-1,4 | 0,8 | 0,5-1,3 | 1,1 | 0,5-2,2 | 1,6 | 1,0-2,6 | 0,8 | 0,5-1,4 | 2,1 | 1,2-3,8 |
| 15-17 | 106.551 | 4,4 | 3,7-5,3 | 4,0 | 3,1-5,1 | 2,3 | 1,7-3,2 | 7,8 | 4,7-12,7 | 4,8 | 3,7-6,3 | 4,8 | 3,7-6,1 |
| Feminino | 113.968 | 2,3 | 1,9-2,7 | 2,0 | 1,4-2,9 | 1,2 | 0,8-1,8 | 3,0 | 2,4-3,7 | 2,3 | 1,7-3,0 | 3,7 | 2,7-5,1 |
| 12-14 | 29.758 | 1,1 | 0,9-1,4 | 1,6 | 1,0-2,7 | 0,8 | 0,4-1,6 | 1,6 | 0,9-2,9 | 1,0 | 0,7-1,5 | 1,5 | 0,9-2,3 |
| 15-17 | 84.210 | 3,5 | 2,8-4,2 | 2,5 | 1,7-3,5 | 1,7 | 1,7-2,4 | 4,5 | 3,5-5,8 | 3,7 | 2,6-5,1 | 6,3 | 4,3-8,9 |
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| Total | 250.034 | 2,5 | 2,2-2,8 | 2,2 | 1,7-2,7 | 1,5 | 1,1-1,9 | 2,5 | 1,9-3,1 | 3,5 | 2,9-4,3 | 3,8 | 2,8-5,1 |
a nest: número estimado de fumantes utilizando-se estimativas de população obtidas por meio de processamento dos microdados dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010 do IBGEb.
b Experimentação – tentou ou experimentou fumar cigarros alguma vez na vida.
c Tabagismo atual – fumou pelo menos 1 dia nos últimos 30 dias.
d Fumou 7 dias seguidos – fumou pelo menos 7 dias seguidos na vida.
FiguraPrevalências (%) e IC95% de tabagismo em adolescentes do sexo masculino (A) e feminino (B) por capitais e estratos de municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes do interior das regiões. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
Prevalência (%) de tabagismo (% de escolares que fumou em pelo menos 1 dia nos últimos 30 dias), segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, exposição a fumantes e sexo. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
| Variável | Masculino | Feminino | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| % | IC95% | % | IC95% | |
| Cor da pele | ||||
| Preta ou parda | 5,4 | 4,5-6,2 | 5,0 | 4,2-5,8 |
| Branca ou outras | 6,4 | 5,6-7,2 | 5,5 | 4,9-6,1 |
| Escolaridade da mãe (anos de estudo)a | ||||
| < 8 | 5,6 | 4,9-6,2 | 4,6 | 4,0-5,3 |
| ≥ 8 | 5,7 | 4,3-7,1 | 5,4 | 4,4-6,4 |
| Escolaridade do pai (anos de estudo)b | ||||
| < 8 | 4,9 | 3,9-5,8 | 3,1 | 2,4-4,1 |
| ≥ 8 | 4,9 | 3,3-6,4 | 4,3 | 2,7-5,9 |
| Trabalhou remuneradamente | ||||
| Sim | 9,3 | 8,1-10,5 | 8,8 | 7,5-10,1 |
| Não | 5,0 | 4,3-5,6 | 4,6 | 4,0-5,1 |
| Tipo de família | ||||
| Mora com pai e mãe | 4,8 | 4,0-5,5 | 4,4 | 3,8-5,1 |
| Outra | 8,0 | 6,8-9,2 | 6,4 | 5,7-7,1 |
| Esteve em contato com fumante em casa | ||||
| Sim | 8,1 | 6,7-9,6 | 7,1 | 6,2-8,0 |
| Não | 5,4 | 4,7-6,1 | 4,5 | 4,0-5,1 |
| Esteve em contato com fumante fora de casa | ||||
| Sim | 9,9 | 8,6-11,1 | 7,6 | 6,8-8,4 |
| Não | 3,6 | 3,0-4,3 | 2,7 | 2,2-3,3 |
| Tipo de escola | ||||
| Pública | 6,1 | 5,6-6,9 | 5,7 | 5,1-6,2 |
| Privada | 5,2 | 3,5-7,0 | 3,7 | 2,3-5,1 |
a 23,8% sem informação.
b 24,4% sem informação.