Li Gong1, Yi Wang1, Sihao Tong1, Liu Liu1, Ling Niu1, Yuan Yuan2, Yangyi Bao1. 1. Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China. 2. Central Laboratory of Hefei Binhu Hospital, Hefei 230061, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent research shows thioridazine which is a kind of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs can inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cells in vitro, but the role of thioridazine on lung cancer has not been reported. So we choose PC9 cell lines as the research object, the aim is to oberve the killing effect of thioridazine on PC9 cells and investigate its possible mechanism. METHODS: After being treated with different concentrations of thioridazine, the proliferation of PC9 cells was determined by methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. The expressions of cell cycle-associated protein CyclinD1 and apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The proliferation of PC9 cells was significantly inhibited by thioridazine in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that cell cycle was arrested in G0/G1 phase and the apoptotic rates were significantly increased with the increasing concentration of thioridazine. Compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that, compared with the control group, thioridazine reduced the expressions of CyclinD1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl (P<0.01) and increased the expression of Bax (P<0.01). In the mean time, thioridazine promoted the activities of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of thioridazine inhibiting the proliferation of PC9 cells may be related to stimulation of Caspase apoptotic pathway, down-regulation of CyclinD1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and up-regulation of Bax.
BACKGROUND: Recent research shows thioridazine which is a kind of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs can inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cells in vitro, but the role of thioridazine on lung cancer has not been reported. So we choose PC9 cell lines as the research object, the aim is to oberve the killing effect of thioridazine on PC9 cells and investigate its possible mechanism. METHODS: After being treated with different concentrations of thioridazine, the proliferation of PC9 cells was determined by methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. The expressions of cell cycle-associated protein CyclinD1 and apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The proliferation of PC9 cells was significantly inhibited by thioridazine in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that cell cycle was arrested in G0/G1 phase and the apoptotic rates were significantly increased with the increasing concentration of thioridazine. Compared with the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that, compared with the control group, thioridazine reduced the expressions of CyclinD1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl (P<0.01) and increased the expression of Bax (P<0.01). In the mean time, thioridazine promoted the activities of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of thioridazine inhibiting the proliferation of PC9 cells may be related to stimulation of Caspase apoptotic pathway, down-regulation of CyclinD1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and up-regulation of Bax.
Proliferation inhibitory effect of thioridazine on PC9 cells detected by MTT. The viability of PC9 cells treated with different concentrations of thioridazine for 12 h, 24 h and 48 h was detected by MTT assay. The statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance. ∆∆P < 0.01 compared with the control group after being treated with thioridazine for 12 h, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared with the control group after being treated with thioridazine for 24 h, **P < 0.01 compared with the control group after being treated with thioridazine for 48 h.
Effect of cell morphology on PC9 cells by thioridazine (SP, ×200). The cell morphology was observed after being treated with different concentrations of thioridazine (20 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, 40 μmol/L) for 24 h. T: Thioridazine/μM.
MTT法检测硫利达嗪对PC9细胞的增殖抑制效应。不同浓度硫利达嗪作用PC9细胞12 h、24 h、48 h后,分别用MTT法检测其细胞存活率。单因素方差分析,不同浓度硫利达嗪作用12 h后与对照组比较,∆∆P < 0.01;作用24 h后与对照组比较,#P < 0.05,##P < 0.01;作用48 h后与对照组比较,**P < 0.01。Proliferation inhibitory effect of thioridazine on PC9 cells detected by MTT. The viability of PC9 cells treated with different concentrations of thioridazine for 12 h, 24 h and 48 h was detected by MTT assay. The statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance. ∆∆P < 0.01 compared with the control group after being treated with thioridazine for 12 h, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared with the control group after being treated with thioridazine for 24 h, **P < 0.01 compared with the control group after being treated with thioridazine for 48 h.硫利达嗪作用后对PC9细胞形态学的影响(SP, ×200)。浓度为20 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、40 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用于PC9细胞24 h后,观察其细胞形态。Effect of cell morphology on PC9 cells by thioridazine (SP, ×200). The cell morphology was observed after being treated with different concentrations of thioridazine (20 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, 40 μmol/L) for 24 h. T: Thioridazine/μM.
流式细胞术检测硫利达嗪对PC9细胞周期的影响
15 μmol/L、20 μmol/L、25 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用于PC9细胞24 h后,G0/G1期细胞比例分别为(48.9±3.1)%、(59.7±2.8)%、(74.2±3.2)%,处于G0/G1期的细胞比例升高明显,即硫利达嗪可诱导PC9细胞发生G0/G1期阻滞,与对照组(40.0±2.5)%相比,差异有统计学意义(F=76.51, P < 0.05)(图 3)。
Effect of thioridazine on the cell cycle distribution of PC9 cells for 24 h. A: Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle distribution after treating with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h. B: The differences were statistically significant by compared with the control group.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. T: Thioridazine/μM.
硫利达嗪作用24 h后对PC9细胞周期分布的影响。A:浓度为15 μmol/L、20 μmol/L、25 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用于PC9细胞24 h后,流式细胞术检测其细胞周期分布情况;B:各实验组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义。*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01。Effect of thioridazine on the cell cycle distribution of PC9 cells for 24 h. A: Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle distribution after treating with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h. B: The differences were statistically significant by compared with the control group.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. T: Thioridazine/μM.
流式细胞术检测硫利达嗪对PC9细胞凋亡的影响
20 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、40 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用于PC9细胞24 h后,促进细胞发生凋亡,其凋亡率分别为(9.3±2.1)%,(28.7±4.7)%,(50.0±5.4)%,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(F=104.7, P < 0.05)(图 4)。
Effect of thioridazine on the induction of apoptosis in PC9 cells for 24 h. A: After being incubated with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h, the apoptosis rate was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC and PI. B: Compared with the control group, each experiment group induced an increase in cell apoptosis rate. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. T: Thioridazine/μM.
硫利达嗪作用24 h后对PC9细胞凋亡的影响。A:浓度为20 μmol/L、30 μmol/L、40 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用24 h后,流式细胞术用Annexin V-FITC和PI双标检测细胞凋亡率;B:与对照组相比,各实验组细胞凋亡率明显上升。*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01。Effect of thioridazine on the induction of apoptosis in PC9 cells for 24 h. A: After being incubated with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h, the apoptosis rate was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC and PI. B: Compared with the control group, each experiment group induced an increase in cell apoptosis rate. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. T: Thioridazine/μM.
Western blot检测周期及凋亡相关蛋白表达
Western blot结果显示:与对照组相比,随着硫利达嗪药物浓度的增加,周期蛋白CyclinD1表达下调(F=23.58, P < 0.01),抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达下调(F=16.87, P < 0.01),Bcl-xl表达下调(F=51.47, P < 0.01),促凋亡蛋白Bax表达上调(F=26.44, P < 0.01)。实验组Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9活性较对照组增加(图 5)。
Expressions of cycle-and apoptosis-related proteins detected by Western blot. A: The expression of cell cycle-related protein CyclinD1 was detected by western blot after incubation with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h; B: Compared with the control group, thioridazine down-regulated the expression of CyclinD1. **P < 0.01; C: The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xl, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 were detected by western blot after incubation with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h; D: Compared with the control group, thioridazine down-regulated the expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and up-regulated the expression of Bax. **P < 0.01. T: Thioridazine/μM.
Western blot检测周期及凋亡相关蛋白水平的改变。A:20 μmol/L、25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用24 h后,Western blot检测周期相关蛋白CyclinD1的表达水平;B:与对照组相比,CyclinD1表达下调。**P < 0.01;C:20 μmol/L、25 μmol/L、30 μmol/L的硫利达嗪作用24 h后,Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Bcl-xl、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9的表达水平;D:与对照组相比,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bcl-xl表达下调,促凋亡蛋白Bax表达上调。**P < 0.01。Expressions of cycle-and apoptosis-related proteins detected by Western blot. A: The expression of cell cycle-related protein CyclinD1 was detected by western blot after incubation with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h; B: Compared with the control group, thioridazine down-regulated the expression of CyclinD1. **P < 0.01; C: The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xl, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 were detected by western blot after incubation with different concentrations of thioridazine for 24 h; D: Compared with the control group, thioridazine down-regulated the expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and up-regulated the expression of Bax. **P < 0.01. T: Thioridazine/μM.